Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming
Zamparo, P. ; Capelli, C. ; Termin, B. ; Pendergast, D. R. ; Prampero, P. E.
Springer
Published 1996
Springer
Published 1996
| ISSN: |
1439-6327
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|---|---|
| Keywords: |
Energy cost of swimming ; Efficiency ; Active body drag ; Under water torque
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| Source: |
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
|
| Topics: |
Medicine
|
| Notes: |
Abstract Underwater torque (T′) is defined as the product of the force with which the swimmer's feet tend to sink times the distance between the feet and the centre of volume of the lungs. It has previously been shown that experimental changes ofT′, obtained by securing around the swimmer's waist a plastic tube filled, on different occasions, with air, water or 2-kg lead, were accompanied by changes in the energy cost of swimming per unit of distance (CS) at any given speed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed increases of CS withT′ during front crawl swimming were due to an increase of active body drag (Db), a decrease of drag efficiency (ηd) or both. The effect of experimental changes ofT′ on CS, Db and ηd were therefore studied on a group of eight male elite swimmers at two submaximal speeds (1.00 and 1.23 m · s−1). To compare different subjects and different speeds, the individual data for CS, Db,ηd andT′ were normalized dividing them by the corresponding individual averages. These were calculated from all individual data (of CS, Db, ηd andT′) obtained from that subject at that speed. It was found that, between the two extremes of this study (tube filled with air and with 2-kg lead),T′ increased by 73% and that CS, Db and ηd increased linearly withT′. The increase of CS between the two extremes was intermediate ( ≈ 20%) between that of Db (≈ 35%) and of ηd ( ≈ 16%). Thus, the actual strategy implemented by the swimmers to counteractT′, was to tolerate a large increase of Db. This led also to a substantial (albeit smaller) increase of did, the effect of which was to reduce the increase of CS that would otherwise have occurred.
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| Type of Medium: |
Electronic Resource
|
| URL: |
| _version_ | 1798297419373346816 |
|---|---|
| autor | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. |
| autorsonst | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. |
| book_url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02425476 |
| datenlieferant | nat_lic_papers |
| hauptsatz | hsatz_simple |
| identnr | NLM204521750 |
| issn | 1439-6327 |
| journal_name | European journal of applied physiology |
| materialart | 1 |
| notes | Abstract Underwater torque (T′) is defined as the product of the force with which the swimmer's feet tend to sink times the distance between the feet and the centre of volume of the lungs. It has previously been shown that experimental changes ofT′, obtained by securing around the swimmer's waist a plastic tube filled, on different occasions, with air, water or 2-kg lead, were accompanied by changes in the energy cost of swimming per unit of distance (CS) at any given speed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed increases of CS withT′ during front crawl swimming were due to an increase of active body drag (Db), a decrease of drag efficiency (ηd) or both. The effect of experimental changes ofT′ on CS, Db and ηd were therefore studied on a group of eight male elite swimmers at two submaximal speeds (1.00 and 1.23 m · s−1). To compare different subjects and different speeds, the individual data for CS, Db,ηd andT′ were normalized dividing them by the corresponding individual averages. These were calculated from all individual data (of CS, Db, ηd andT′) obtained from that subject at that speed. It was found that, between the two extremes of this study (tube filled with air and with 2-kg lead),T′ increased by 73% and that CS, Db and ηd increased linearly withT′. The increase of CS between the two extremes was intermediate ( ≈ 20%) between that of Db (≈ 35%) and of ηd ( ≈ 16%). Thus, the actual strategy implemented by the swimmers to counteractT′, was to tolerate a large increase of Db. This led also to a substantial (albeit smaller) increase of did, the effect of which was to reduce the increase of CS that would otherwise have occurred. |
| package_name | Springer |
| publikationsjahr_anzeige | 1996 |
| publikationsjahr_facette | 1996 |
| publikationsjahr_intervall | 8004:1995-1999 |
| publikationsjahr_sort | 1996 |
| publisher | Springer |
| reference | 73 (1996), S. 195-201 |
| schlagwort | Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque |
| search_space | articles |
| shingle_author_1 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. |
| shingle_author_2 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. |
| shingle_author_3 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. |
| shingle_author_4 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. |
| shingle_catch_all_1 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Abstract Underwater torque (T′) is defined as the product of the force with which the swimmer's feet tend to sink times the distance between the feet and the centre of volume of the lungs. It has previously been shown that experimental changes ofT′, obtained by securing around the swimmer's waist a plastic tube filled, on different occasions, with air, water or 2-kg lead, were accompanied by changes in the energy cost of swimming per unit of distance (CS) at any given speed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed increases of CS withT′ during front crawl swimming were due to an increase of active body drag (Db), a decrease of drag efficiency (ηd) or both. The effect of experimental changes ofT′ on CS, Db and ηd were therefore studied on a group of eight male elite swimmers at two submaximal speeds (1.00 and 1.23 m · s−1). To compare different subjects and different speeds, the individual data for CS, Db,ηd andT′ were normalized dividing them by the corresponding individual averages. These were calculated from all individual data (of CS, Db, ηd andT′) obtained from that subject at that speed. It was found that, between the two extremes of this study (tube filled with air and with 2-kg lead),T′ increased by 73% and that CS, Db and ηd increased linearly withT′. The increase of CS between the two extremes was intermediate ( ≈ 20%) between that of Db (≈ 35%) and of ηd ( ≈ 16%). Thus, the actual strategy implemented by the swimmers to counteractT′, was to tolerate a large increase of Db. This led also to a substantial (albeit smaller) increase of did, the effect of which was to reduce the increase of CS that would otherwise have occurred. 1439-6327 14396327 Springer |
| shingle_catch_all_2 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Abstract Underwater torque (T′) is defined as the product of the force with which the swimmer's feet tend to sink times the distance between the feet and the centre of volume of the lungs. It has previously been shown that experimental changes ofT′, obtained by securing around the swimmer's waist a plastic tube filled, on different occasions, with air, water or 2-kg lead, were accompanied by changes in the energy cost of swimming per unit of distance (CS) at any given speed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed increases of CS withT′ during front crawl swimming were due to an increase of active body drag (Db), a decrease of drag efficiency (ηd) or both. The effect of experimental changes ofT′ on CS, Db and ηd were therefore studied on a group of eight male elite swimmers at two submaximal speeds (1.00 and 1.23 m · s−1). To compare different subjects and different speeds, the individual data for CS, Db,ηd andT′ were normalized dividing them by the corresponding individual averages. These were calculated from all individual data (of CS, Db, ηd andT′) obtained from that subject at that speed. It was found that, between the two extremes of this study (tube filled with air and with 2-kg lead),T′ increased by 73% and that CS, Db and ηd increased linearly withT′. The increase of CS between the two extremes was intermediate ( ≈ 20%) between that of Db (≈ 35%) and of ηd ( ≈ 16%). Thus, the actual strategy implemented by the swimmers to counteractT′, was to tolerate a large increase of Db. This led also to a substantial (albeit smaller) increase of did, the effect of which was to reduce the increase of CS that would otherwise have occurred. 1439-6327 14396327 Springer |
| shingle_catch_all_3 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Abstract Underwater torque (T′) is defined as the product of the force with which the swimmer's feet tend to sink times the distance between the feet and the centre of volume of the lungs. It has previously been shown that experimental changes ofT′, obtained by securing around the swimmer's waist a plastic tube filled, on different occasions, with air, water or 2-kg lead, were accompanied by changes in the energy cost of swimming per unit of distance (CS) at any given speed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed increases of CS withT′ during front crawl swimming were due to an increase of active body drag (Db), a decrease of drag efficiency (ηd) or both. The effect of experimental changes ofT′ on CS, Db and ηd were therefore studied on a group of eight male elite swimmers at two submaximal speeds (1.00 and 1.23 m · s−1). To compare different subjects and different speeds, the individual data for CS, Db,ηd andT′ were normalized dividing them by the corresponding individual averages. These were calculated from all individual data (of CS, Db, ηd andT′) obtained from that subject at that speed. It was found that, between the two extremes of this study (tube filled with air and with 2-kg lead),T′ increased by 73% and that CS, Db and ηd increased linearly withT′. The increase of CS between the two extremes was intermediate ( ≈ 20%) between that of Db (≈ 35%) and of ηd ( ≈ 16%). Thus, the actual strategy implemented by the swimmers to counteractT′, was to tolerate a large increase of Db. This led also to a substantial (albeit smaller) increase of did, the effect of which was to reduce the increase of CS that would otherwise have occurred. 1439-6327 14396327 Springer |
| shingle_catch_all_4 | Zamparo, P. Capelli, C. Termin, B. Pendergast, D. R. Prampero, P. E. Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Energy cost of swimming Efficiency Active body drag Under water torque Abstract Underwater torque (T′) is defined as the product of the force with which the swimmer's feet tend to sink times the distance between the feet and the centre of volume of the lungs. It has previously been shown that experimental changes ofT′, obtained by securing around the swimmer's waist a plastic tube filled, on different occasions, with air, water or 2-kg lead, were accompanied by changes in the energy cost of swimming per unit of distance (CS) at any given speed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the observed increases of CS withT′ during front crawl swimming were due to an increase of active body drag (Db), a decrease of drag efficiency (ηd) or both. The effect of experimental changes ofT′ on CS, Db and ηd were therefore studied on a group of eight male elite swimmers at two submaximal speeds (1.00 and 1.23 m · s−1). To compare different subjects and different speeds, the individual data for CS, Db,ηd andT′ were normalized dividing them by the corresponding individual averages. These were calculated from all individual data (of CS, Db, ηd andT′) obtained from that subject at that speed. It was found that, between the two extremes of this study (tube filled with air and with 2-kg lead),T′ increased by 73% and that CS, Db and ηd increased linearly withT′. The increase of CS between the two extremes was intermediate ( ≈ 20%) between that of Db (≈ 35%) and of ηd ( ≈ 16%). Thus, the actual strategy implemented by the swimmers to counteractT′, was to tolerate a large increase of Db. This led also to a substantial (albeit smaller) increase of did, the effect of which was to reduce the increase of CS that would otherwise have occurred. 1439-6327 14396327 Springer |
| shingle_title_1 | Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming |
| shingle_title_2 | Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming |
| shingle_title_3 | Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming |
| shingle_title_4 | Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming |
| sigel_instance_filter | dkfz geomar wilbert ipn albert fhp |
| source_archive | Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000 |
| timestamp | 2024-05-06T10:07:42.045Z |
| titel | Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming |
| titel_suche | Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming |
| topic | WW-YZ |
| uid | nat_lic_papers_NLM204521750 |