Search Results - International Ophthalmology

2020-07-01

Die Rückkehr von Migranten in die Türkei, Georgien und die Russische Föderation stehen im Mittelpunkt des vierten Bandes der Reihe Beiträge zu Migration und Integration. In diesem Projekt wurden verschiedene Gruppen von Rückkehrern im Hinblick auf die Umstände und Motive ihrer Rückkehrentscheidung, ihre Reintegrationsstrategien und ihre Weiterwanderungspläne befragt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen können Impulse für die Weiterentwicklung der Rückkehr- und der Reintegrationsförderung geben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Rückkehrorientierung im Wesentlichen aufgrund der Befürchtung entsteht, in Deutschland nicht die gleichen Teilhabechancen zu haben. Zur tatsächlichen Rückkehr entscheidet man sich allerdings nicht nur aufgrund von Unzufriedenheit. Einschätzung der eigenen Partizipationschancen im Herkunftsland spielt hierbei eine wesentliche Rolle. Zudem erleichtert die Unterstützung durch familiäre, freundschaftliche und andere relevante soziale Netzwerke den Rückkehrentschluss. Den Zuwanderern in schwierigen Lebenslagen fällt eine Rückkehrentscheidung schwer, weil sie ihre Perspektiven in den Rückkehrregionen negativ einschätzen und selten auf die soziale Unterstützung dort zurückgreifen können. Bei Rückkehrern in schwierigen Lebenslagen besteht ein Beratungs- und Förderungsbedarf. Reintegrationsverläufe hängen davon ab, wie Rückkehrer ihre erworbenen Fähigkeiten und Qualifikationen sowie angespartes Kapital und soziale Kontakte nutzen können. Maßnahmen der Reintegrationsförderung sollten die Nutzung vorhandener Fähigkeiten und erworbener Qualifikationen erleichtern und die soziale Inklusion von Rückkehrern fördern. Die Nachhaltigkeit einer Rückkehr kann nicht am Kriterium einer dauerhaften Niederlassung im Rückkehrkontext bzw. der dauerhaften Immobilität der Rückkehrer gemessen werden. Eine weitere Migration kommt sowohl für zufriedene als auch für unzufriedene Rückkehrer in Frage. Erneute Mobilität wird durch das Vorhandensein ökonomischer Ressourcen und grenzüberschreitender sozialer Beziehungen begünstigt. Die hier vorgelegte zusammenfassende Analyse sowie die drei englischsprachigen Länderstudien basieren auf Interviews mit 90 Rückkehrern und deren Familienangehörigen.

The fourth volume of the series entitled "Beiträge zu Migration und Integration " (Contributions to Migration and Integration Studies) focuses on return and reintegration of migrants to Turkey, Georgia and the Russian Federation. In this project, various groups of returnees were interviewed regarding the circumstances and motives of their decision to return, their reintegration strategies and their plans for onward migration. The results of these analyses can provide insights for the further development of return and reintegration policies. The analysis shows that concerns about not having the same opportunities for participation in Germany form an important motive for return. However migrants decide to return not only because of dissatisfaction. The self-assessment of opportunities for participation in their countries of origin is of crucial importance for the return decision. Support by family, friends and other relevant social networks ease the return decision. A return decision is more difficult for migrants in disadvantageous situations, as they assess their perspectives in the country of origin negatively. Return policies should take into account the disadvantageous situation of returnees with limited economic, professional and social resources. Reintegration success depends on how returnees are able to use their skills and qualifications, as well as capital that they have saved, and their social support networks. Reintegration policies should encourage returnees to use existing skills and qualifications in order to ensure their livelihood, and should foster returnees’ social inclusion. The return sustainability cannot be evaluated according to the criteria of long term settlement or long term immobility of the returnees. Unsuccessful as well as successful returnees may develop onward migration plans. Economic resources and cross-border social contacts facilitate the realization of further forms of mobility. The analysis presented here is based upon 90 interviews with returnees and their relatives.

Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ; Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ; Migration ; Migration, Sociology of Migration ; Rückwanderung ; Reintegration ; Türkei ; Georgien ; Russland ; Migrant ; Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Partizipation ; Chancengleichheit ; Herkunftsland ; soziales Netzwerk ; remigration ; reintegration ; Turkey ; Georgia ; Russia ; migrant ; Federal Republic of Germany ; participation ; equal opportunity ; country of origin ; social network

Sammelwerk, collection

2023-11-22

How do artificial neural networks and other forms of artificial intelligence interfere with methods and practices in the sciences? Which interdisciplinary epistemological challenges arise when we think about the use of AI beyond its dependency on big data? Not only the natural sciences, but also the social sciences and the humanities seem to be increasingly affected by current approaches of subsymbolic AI, which master problems of quality (fuzziness, uncertainty) in a hitherto unknown way. But what are the conditions, implications, and effects of these (potential) epistemic transformations and how must research on AI be configured to address them adequately?

Technik, Technologie ; Soziologie, Anthropologie ; Technology (Applied sciences) ; Sociology & anthropology ; AI; Machine Learning; Artificial Neural Networks; Subsymbolic AI; Research on Research; Sociology of Media; Sociology of Science; Media Studies ; Technikfolgenabschätzung ; Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie ; Technology Assessment ; Sociology of Science, Sociology of Technology, Research on Science and Technology ; Digitalisierung ; Technologie ; Digitale Medien ; künstliche Intelligenz ; Informatik ; digitalization ; technology ; digital media ; artificial intelligence ; computer science

Sammelwerk, collection

2020-11-20

The experiences of Korean comfort girls-women are a paradigmatic example of how military sexual violence can obliterate the dignity of women and shame them into nonexistence. This book examines how the turning of their innocence into inadequacy, compounded their long, miserable suffering for half a century.

Geschichte ; History ; Korea ; allgemeine Geschichte ; General History ; Zweiter Weltkrieg ; Prostitution ; Zwang ; Gewalt ; Kriegsverbrechen ; Trauma ; Erinnerung ; World War II ; prostitution ; compulsion ; violence ; war crime ; trauma ; reminiscence

Sammelwerk, collection

2022-02-01

Background: This paper shows that the tools of digital demography, such as Google Trends, can be used for determining, estimating, and predicting the migration of health care workers (HWs), in this case, from Croatia and the Western Balkans (WB) to Germany and Austria. Objective: This study aims to test the usefulness of Google Trends indexes to forecast HW migration from Croatia and the WB to Germany and Austria. The paper analyzes recent trends in HW mobility in Europe and focuses specifically on mobility patterns among medical doctors and nurses using digital demography. Without increased emigration in the last 10 years, Croatia and the WB would have 50% more HWs today, and this staff is now crucial in the fight against a pandemic. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the increase in emigration. Methods: A particular problem in analyzing the emigration of HCWs from Croatia and the WB is that there is no system for monitoring this process. Official data is up to 3 years late and exists only for persons deregistered from the state system. Furthermore, during the pandemic, the "normal" ways of data collection are simply too slow. The primary methodological concept of our approach is to monitor the digital trace of language searches with the Google Trends analytical tool. To standardize the data, we requested the data from January 2010 to December 2020 and divided the keyword frequency for each migration-related query. We compared this search frequency index with official statistics to prove the significance of the results and correlations, and test the model's predictive potential. Results: All tested migration-related search queries, which indicate HCWs' emigration planning, showed a positive linear association between Google index and data from official statistics (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Serbia R2=0.3381, Bosnia and Herzegovina [B&H] R2=0.2722, Croatia R2=0.4515). Migration-related search activities such as "job application + nurses" from Croatia correlate strongly with official German data for emigrated HWs from Croatia, Serbia, and B&H. Decreases in Google searches were correlated with the decrease in the emigration of HWs. Thus, this method allows reliable forecasts for the future. Conclusions: This paper highlights that the World Health Organization’s list of countries with HWs shortages should be updated to include Croatia and the countries from the WB. The issue of the European Union drawing HWs from the EU periphery (Croatia) and nearby countries (B&H, Serbia) clearly shows a clash between the EU freedom of movement and the right to health care and a need to ensure a health care workforce in all European regions. Understanding why HWs emigrate from Croatia and the WB, and the consequences of this process are crucial to enabling state agencies and governments to develop optimal intervention strategies to retain medical staff. The benefit of this method is reliable estimates that can enable a better response to a possible shortage of HWs and protect the functioning of the health system. The freedom of movement of workers in the EU must be supplemented with a common pension and health care system in the EU.

Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ; Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ; digital demography; Google Trends; emigration of doctors and nurses; medical brain drain; demography; Western Balkans; health care workers; health systems; jobs; workforce; medical professionals ; Migration ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften ; Migration, Sociology of Migration ; Health Policy ; Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods ; Gesundheitspersonal ; Abwanderung ; Brain Drain ; Südosteuropa ; Kroatien ; Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Österreich ; Prognose ; Trend ; Datengewinnung ; Internet ; EU-Politik ; health professionals ; out-migration ; brain drain ; Southeastern Europe ; Croatia ; migration ; Federal Republic of Germany ; Austria ; prognosis ; trend ; data capture ; health policy ; EU policy ; 10300 ; 50100 ; 29900

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

2020-03-17

It has been stated in the article that the development of scientific communication contributes to extending the role of scientific libraries, in which the professional competence of librarians is related to their knowledge of metadata and experience of working with large collections of documents. One of the tasks of the modern scientific library is to ensure completeness of search, quality of collection, selectivity of processing, reliability of storage, promptness of spreading information. The results of this professional activity can be transformed into intellectual property objects. Library professionals use bibliometric research methods to help them solve their professional tasks, which help in decision-making when purchasing magazines and databases; in library fund analysis; study of publications; researching statistics on the use of electronic documents. It is revealed that in recent decades, bibliometry has become a standard tool for scientific policy and research management in various fields of science.Bibliometry covers such research methods as citation analysis; analysis of reference journals; analysis of quantitative characteristics of primary documents; quantitative analysis of publications of individual authors and their citation; quantitative analysis of scientific publications of particular countries of the world, states, and certain teams of scientists; theoretical issues, including the study of patterns of growth, aging and rank distribution of scientific documents; content analysis of scientific documents; other issues related to spreading scientific documents. Such research requires library staff of creative ability and professional competence. Today’s means of social communication define the new tasks for libraries, the activities of which are related to intellectualization of the library sphere. The results of bibliometric research may be subject to copyright, provided that they meet the criteria of safety, have signs of creativity and novelty.

У статті визначається, що розвиток наукових комунікацій, сприяє розширенню ролі наукових бібліотек, в яких професійна компетенція бібліотекарів пов’язана зі знаннями про метадані та досвідом роботи з великими колекціями документів. Одним із завдань сучасної наукової бібліотеки є забезпечення повноти пошуку, якості збору, вибірковості обробки, надійності збереження, оперативності поширення інформації. Результати цієї професійної діяльності можуть перетворюватись в об’єкти права інтелектуальної власності. Бібліотечними працівниками для вирішення професійних завдань застосовуються бібліометричні методи дослідження, які допомагають в прийнятті рішень при закупівлі журналів, баз даних; в аналізі фонду бібліотеки; експертизи видань; вивченні статистики використання електронних документів. Розкривається, що в останні десятиріччя, бібліометрія стає стандартним інструментом наукової політики і управління дослідженнями в різних галузях науки.Бібліометрія охоплює такі методи дослідження, як аналіз цитування; аналіз реферативних журналів; аналіз кількісних характеристик первинних документів; кількісний аналіз публікацій окремих авторів і їх цитування; кількісний аналіз публікацій вчених окремих країн світу і держав, окремих наукових колективів; теоретичні питання, в тому числі дослідження закономірностей росту, старіння і рангового розподілу наукових документів; контент-аналіз наукових документів; інші питання, пов’язані з поширенням наукових документів. Проведення таких досліджень потребує від бібліотечних працівників творчих здібностей та професійної компетенції. Сьогоднішні соціальні комунікації визначають нові завдання для бібліотек, діяльність яких пов’язується з інтелектуалізацією бібліотечної сфери. Результати бібліометричних досліджень можуть виступати об’єктами авторського права за умови, що вони відповідають критеріям охороноздатності, мають ознаки творчості та новизни.

Publizistische Medien, Journalismus,Verlagswesen ; News media, journalism, publishing ; Social Communication; intellectual property rights; library; scientometry; bibliometry; copyright; librometry; informometry; webometry; cybermetry ; Information und Dokumentation, Bibliotheken, Archive ; Information and Documentation, Libraries, Archives

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

2022-03-14

Durch das gesteigerte gesellschaftliche Schutzbedürfnis infolge der Corona-Pandemie ist "Resilienz" auch zum wirtschaftspolitisch strategischen Leitgedanken der EU avanciert. Allerdings fehlt eine klare Idee, wie sie sich in der Praxis operationalisieren lässt. Der wissenschaftliche Resilienzbegriff betont die Fähigkeit von Systemen, auf ganz unterschiedliche und vor allem unerwartete Krisen flexibel zu reagieren, sie abzufedern, sich davon zu erholen und daraus zu lernen. Bisherige Krisenmechanismen in wirtschaftlich relevanten Feldern wie der Rohstoff-, Arzneimittel-, Handels- oder Investitionsschutzpolitik zielen hauptsächlich auf die eigene Versorgungssicherheit ab. Ein verengter Fokus auf Versorgungsaspekte im heimischen Markt birgt beträchtliche ökonomische Risiken, wie das Beispiel der EU-Ernäh­rungs­sicherung belegt. Lange genutzte Maßnahmen wie die Reservehaltung, subventionsgesteuerte Produktionsanreize oder eine Marktabschottung durch Zölle vermindern die Flexibilität des Systems. Zudem gehen sie mit Spill-over-Effekten auf andere Länder einher, die kontraproduktiv für die internationale, aber auch die eigene Versorgungssicherung sein können. Wirtschaftspolitische Akteure benötigen ein moderneres Verständnis von Resilienz, das die Interdependenz von Krisen und Märkten mit in den Blick nimmt. Für künftige Resilienzstrategien lässt sich an Ansätze anknüpfen, die im Ernährungssektor gerade angesichts negativer Erfahrungen im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt wurden. Hierzu zählen das internationale Agricultural Market Information System ebenso wie Instrumente der Subventions­evaluierung von OECD und WTO. (Autorenreferat)

Politikwissenschaft ; Political science ; Gemeinsame Politik internationaler Akteure; Resilienz; Begriffsdefinition/Begriffsverständnis; Politische Neuorientierung; Sektorale Politiken; Kritische Infrastrukturen; Rohstoffversorgung; Direktinvestition ; Europapolitik ; spezielle Ressortpolitik ; European Politics ; Special areas of Departmental Policy ; EU ; Krisenmanagement ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; politische Strategie ; Ernährung ; Versorgung ; Sicherheit ; Zivilschutz ; Katastrophenschutz ; Energieversorgung ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Agrarpolitik ; Binnenmarkt ; Handelspolitik ; Investitionspolitik ; crisis management (econ., pol.) ; economic policy ; political strategy ; nutrition ; supply ; security ; civil defense ; disaster control ; energy supply ; health care ; agricultural policy ; domestic market ; trade policy ; investment policy ; 10500

Forschungsbericht, research report

1573-2622

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Conclusions Relatively little parallelism was found to exist between still and moving objects with regard to three-dimensional vision. Hence, additional dynamic vision testing may be necessary. This is true for both dynamic stereoscopy and dynamic parallactoscopy. The binocular rotational prismometer or parallactoscopometer proved to be highly suitable for testing within that context. There are specific situations in transport, occupational, and sports medicines in which stereoacuity should be tested in conjunction with oculomotoricity, taking into due consideration the inseparable physiological links between the two. There are plenty of three-dimensional movements in the human environment and particularly on road traffic, and proper visual perception of movement can be of crucial importance to job performance and to the rate of traffic accidents although systematic studies have not so far been conducted into the stereoscopic pursuit of moving objects. Vision and movement are closely associated with each other. Yet, the movement factor has so far been blotted out, on grounds of practicability, from all investigations on visual power. Still objects were used as optotypes in vision tests, which meant the rejection of job-related and traffic-related analysis. There is no parallelism at all between the vision of still and moving objects. Evidence to that effect has been produced by early studies into monocular dynamic visual acuity (Ludvigh and Miller, 1958; Jaeger and Honegger, 1964). Individuals with good static visual acuity do not necessarily possess good dynamic visual capacity. This is a decisive aspect, no doubt, when it comes to the appraisal of fitness for certain occupational activities. The same applies to dynamic stereoacuity. Dynamic three-dimensional vision is based on two optosensorial capabilities, binocular stereoscopy and movement parallactoscopy or kinetoparallactoscopy, the latter also being possible in a monocular manner. Dynamic stereopsis can be properly measured by means of the recently developed binocular rotational prismometer (see Section 3.1). Its enormous precision has the greatest effect at short distances (not more than 10 m). When it comes to longer distances, vision was found to be more strongly determined by empirical factors of three-dimensional perception and was found to be decisively determined by dynamic parallactoscopy (seeing moving objects on the basis of movement parallax). The latter can be effectively measured by means of a recently devised parallactoscopometer (see Section 3.2). Dynamic stereoacuity is a highly subtle and remarkably sophisticated sensorial achievement of sensitive reactivity. It is based on stereoscopy, binocular fixation, motor and sensory fusion, and the capability of ocular pursuit movement. These basic factors are highly variable, even in normally sighted individuals. Dynamic stereoacuity is characterised by wide variability. However, stereoscopy has its limits, some of them depending on the associative performance of the central nervous system through which two-dimensional images of lateral disparity are transformed to a three-dimensional perception on the retinae of the two eyes. On the basis of movement parallax, i.e. dynamic parallactoscopy, stereopsis has been the phylogenetically earlier and, consequently, more stable visual capacity by which to perceive a three-dimensional situation. Its sensorial accuracy has proved to be very much below that of dynamic stereoscopy in response to slow velocities. But it has been found to assume an absolutely predominant position in response to moderate and high velocities. It is largely based on the capability of fixation in the course of ocular pursuit movement and, if one eye is visually reduced, on the monocular visual acuity or visual acuity of the better eye. These two components of three-dimensional vision and their sensorial capabilities, are not just of interest from the ophthalmological and sensophysiological points of view. They are certainly of particular relevance to occupational and transport medicine. The visual demands made by quite a number of activities and occupations have grown considerably in relation to technological progress (Merte, 1978), and the need is growing for the formulation of specific criteria of occupational fitness, primarily regarding dynamic stereopsis. This particular need had been left unconsidered in almost all national and international programmes of occupational fitness rating, especially in terms of performance-related and methodological rules or regulations (Broschmann, 1981). Stereoacuity for the perception of moving objects should become part of eye testing for quite a number of activities. Any reduction of dynamic stereoacuity may lead to inadequate visual information and may, thus, assume a straightforward relevance to occupational and transport medicine. Individuals who fail to achieve normal performance in three-dimensional orientation are, in a way, handicapped from the very outset, since, in certain situations, they may be unable to do their jobs according to safety regulations or machine specifications. Motorcar driving ranks high among the practice-related aspects of dynamic stereoacuity. Stereoscopically sighted individuals who suddenly become monocular, may lose a great deal of security in road traffic, e.g., in slow convoy driving, pulling into parking gaps, reversing, assessment of short distances, driving on lanes narrowed by parked vehicles, turning into gateways, or overtaking (Aulhorn, 1976). True, there is something like age-dependent gradual adjustment to monocularity (Heydenreich and Wittwer, 1981), which, however, is no substitute for the loss of stereoscopic vision. On the other hand, persons who have turned monocular are at little or no disadvantage at all in moving traffic. Good stereoscopic vision of road traffic is essential within a range of up to 20 m (Broschmann, 1981; Hartmann and Stocker, 1983). Piper (1969) found stereoscopy to be highly important up to 50 m, Heinsius (1964) even up to 90m. Yet, stereoscopic impressions will become unevaluable for practical purposes, if visual targets are located at long distances from the observer. Three-dimensional perception of moving processes in road traffic travelling at high speeds is ensured by movement parallax. It is an advantage in road traffic that the most important objects of observation, other vehicles, are also moving, which provides for the summation of several three-dimensional impressions. In road traffic, stereoscopic vision is simply a complementary, though not unimportant sensorial security (Dubois-Poulsen, 1969; Schumann, 1959; Broschmann, 1977, 1981). Finally, inadequate dynamic stereoscopy is likely to have consequences in terms of driving economy due to less calm and more nervous driving, resulting in too frequent deceleration or acceleration. A train driver, on the other hand, would only have to concentrate on objects straight ahead, so that, to him, dynamic stereoacuity plays an absolutely subordinate role. Again, this does not apply to train drivers involved in shunting (Vesper, 1965). Stereoscopic vision is not absolutely imperative for aircraft pilots. They have to deal exclusively with fast movement and long distances for which kinetoparallactic vision was found to be more important than stereoscopy (Epstein and Tredici, 1973). Accordingly, no insufficiencies were displayed by professional or amateur pilots who had been blindfolded on one eye. Hence, stereoscopy may be rated as some kind of ‘luxurious’ asset to flyers (Aichmair, 1983; Grosslight, Fletscher, Masterton and Hagen, 1978). How-ever, Mayer and Lane (1973) found that the number of monocular pilots involved in near or actual accidents had been higher than that of pilots with intact stereoscopy. Sport and glider pilots, parachutists, and helicopter pilots, on the other hand, were found to depend strongly on the accurate assessment of moving objects

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