Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:Zorn)

0370-2693

Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002

Physics

Electronic Resource

2018-07-27

Bildung und Erziehung ; Publizistische Medien, Journalismus,Verlagswesen ; Education ; News media, journalism, publishing ; Bildungswesen tertiärer Bereich ; interaktive, elektronische Medien ; University Education ; Interactive, electronic Media ; Hochschule ; Internationalisierung ; Frau ; virtuelle Gemeinschaft ; virtuelle Hochschule ; university ; internationalization ; woman ; virtual community ; virtual university ; 10600 ; 10800

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

2018-07-27

"Seit einigen Jahren richten Bewegungsforscher vermehrt ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf die Frage, ob sich seit der Formierung der Europäischen Union europäische soziale Bewegungen herausbilden. Diese Arbeit untersucht anhand des Naturschutzkonflikts 'Natura 2000', ob diese Auseinandersetzung als Teil einer solchen europäischen sozialen Bewegung verstanden werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst ein Konzept einer europäisierten Bewegung entwickelt, das die Formen kollektiven Handelns und dessen argumentativer Einordnung im Rahmen der Europäischen Union als ein Zusammenspiel der Akteure auf lokaler, nationaler und europäischer Ebene versteht. Damit kann nachgeprüft werden, ob sich die genutzten Handlungsrepertoires nach den Ebenen unterscheiden, durch Interdependenzen der Akteure jedoch in einem Zusammenhang stehen. Für den beispielhaft vorgestellten Naturschutzkonflikt kann aufgezeigt werden, dass die Akteure einen europäischen Handlungsraum kennzeichnen." (Autorenreferat)

"For several years now students of social movements have been turning their attention to the question of whether European social movements are emerging in the context of the European Union. This paper examines the case of the environmental conflict 'Natura 2000' to see if this can be understood as an example of such an European social movement. First, a concept is developed for an Europeanised social movement. This attempts to understand the collective action forms and their argumentive position in the framework of the European Union as a game between actors at the local, national, and European levels. It thereby becomes possible to test whether the action forms that are used at the different levels are related to the interdependencies of the actors. For this case of environmental conflict, we can show that there is indeed a European action field for contention." (author's abstract)

Politikwissenschaft ; Political science ; Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ; European Politics ; Europapolitik ; politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ; protest behavior ; EU ; conservation ; multi-level system ; social movement ; resistance ; political movement ; conflict ; social actor ; Europeanization ; action ; Widerstand ; soziale Bewegung ; Handlung ; Akteur ; Protestverhalten ; Konflikt ; Mehrebenensystem ; politische Bewegung ; Europäisierung ; Naturschutz ; descriptive study ; empirical ; quantitative empirical ; empirisch ; empirisch-quantitativ ; deskriptive Studie

Arbeitspapier, working paper

2021-10-28

Die Studie rekonstruiert zunächst, mit Hilfe der Gesellschaftstheorie Niklas Luhmanns, die besondere strukturelle Problemlage des modernen Erziehungssystems. Dabei wird insbesondere hervorgehoben, wie die Erfüllung der Funktion des Erziehungssystems (die Qualifizierung für Lebensläufe und Karrieren) durch die inzwischen erreichte Dynamik moderner Gesellschaft erschwert wird: Das System hat für Lebensläufe in einer in ihren Einzelheiten immer weniger voraussehbaren Zukunft zu qualifizieren; es agiert unter Bedingungen immer offensichtlicher werdender Ungewissheit. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird dann gezeigt, dass geisteswissenschaftliche "Bildung durch Wissenschaft" eine dieser Lage besonders gut anpasste Problemlösung darstellt: Während "praxisorientierte" Bildung Fertigkeiten vermittelt, die unmittelbar auf bestimmte Anforderungen zielen, vermittelt "Bildung durch Wissenschaft" Fertigkeiten, die auch noch mittelbar nützlich sind, wenn gesellschaftliche Anforderungen sich fundamental ändern - wie in den zurückliegenden zwei Jahrzehnten. Darum wird dieser Zeitraum hier auch wie ein "Testfall" für die genannte These behandelt. Da in dieser Zeit immer mehr Geisteswissenschaftler auf den allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt drängten, ist es sozusagen zu einer unmittelbaren Konfrontation von "Bildung durch Wissenschaft" mit den Übergängen zur Risiko- und dann zur Wissensgesellschaft gekommen. In so angeleiteten Auseinandersetzungen mit der jüngeren Vergangenheit ergibt sich im Hinblick auf "Bildung durch Wissenschaft" schließlich eine Bilanz, vor deren Hintergrund der aktuelle Übergang zu sehr weitgehender Praxisorientierung im Studium zumindest riskant erscheint.

Bildung und Erziehung ; Education ; Makroebene des Bildungswesens ; Bildungswesen tertiärer Bereich ; Allgemeines, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Methoden, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Erziehungswissenschaft ; Macroanalysis of the Education System, Economics of Education, Educational Policy ; University Education ; Basic Research, General Concepts and History of Education and Pedagogics ; Bildungspolitik ; Bildungswesen ; Qualifikation ; Lebenslauf ; Bildung ; Wissenschaft ; Wissensgesellschaft ; Hochschulbildung ; Geisteswissenschaft ; Hochschulpolitik ; Reform ; Bildungstheorie ; educational policy ; education system ; qualification ; life career ; education ; science ; knowledge society ; university level of education ; humanities ; university policy ; reform ; educational theory

Forschungsbericht, research report

2020-08-10

"Europe's 'political space,' its dimensionality and its impact on European policies have received increased academic attention lately. Yet, one very basic element of this political space, the party composition of EU member states' governments, has never been studied in a systematic way in the rich literature on European integration. In this paper we explain why the EU literature would benefit from a closer analysis of Europe's party-political 'center of gravity.' We give a systematic overview of the party composition of member governments from 1957 to 2003. This includes analyses of how the support for integration, the left/ right political conviction, and the ideological homogeneity or heterogeneity of the member states affected strictly intergovernmentalist EU institutions like the Council over the course of time. We draw on expert surveys, the data of the Comparative Manifesto Project, and data about government composition. Our case study about the fate of European social policy from the Treaty of Rome to the present day highlights the argument that analyses of European integration require an understanding of the party-political dimension of this process." (author's abstract)

"In den letzten Jahren ist Europas 'politischer Raum', seine Dimensionalität sowie sein Einfluss auf einzelne Politiken zunehmend in den Mittelpunkt akademischen Interesses gerückt. Trotz einer Vielzahl bestehender Studien wurde jedoch ein zentrales Element dieses politischen Raums bisher nicht systematisch untersucht: die parteipolitische Zusammensetzung der Regierungen der Mitgliedstaaten. In diesem Papier zeigen wir, weshalb die Analyse des parteipolitischen 'Gravitationszentrums' der EU mehr Beachtung in der Literatur finden sollte, und liefern eine erste systematische Darstellung der Regierungszusammensetzung aller Mitgliedstaaten von 1957 bis 2003. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie integrationsfreundlich, links oder rechts sowie ideologisch homogen bzw. heterogen die Mitgliedstaaten - und damit die intergouvernementalen EU-Gremien - im Zeitverlauf waren. Hierbei greifen wir auf Expertensurveys, Daten zur parteipolitischen Regierungszusammensetzung und Daten des Manifesto-Projektes zurück. Eine Fallstudie zur Entwicklung der EU-Sozialpolitik seit den Römer Verträgen ergänzt die quantitative Darstellung. Sie unterstreicht, dass die Analyse der Europäischen Integration ein angemessenes Verständnis der parteipolitischen Dimension des Einigungsprozesses voraussetzt." (Autorenreferat)

Politikwissenschaft ; Political science ; Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ; European Politics ; Europapolitik ; politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ; EU-Staat ; Regierung ; Parteipolitik ; Regierungspartei ; EG ; europäische Sozialpolitik ; europäische Integration ; EU member state ; government ; party politics ; party in power ; EC ; European social policy ; European integration ; deskriptive Studie ; descriptive study

Arbeitspapier, working paper

2020-08-10

"Why junior ministers? What function do they serve? Two explanations dominate the literature. Both focus on the role of junior ministers in coalition formation and coalition management. One approach sees junior ministers as instruments for controlling policy, the other as a means to solve or ease distributive conflict among coalition partners. As of yet, the literature lacks a discussion about when the two interpretations lead to similar empirical predictions and when they lead to different ones. The paper claims that different patterns of portfolio distribution can inform us about the underlying policy or office motives of the partners of a coalition government. Analyzing a rich data set on 11 countries from 1949 to 2004, the paper identifies a group of countries in which portfolio allocation shared a pattern best explained by office-seeking behavior, whereas in another group of countries portfolio allocation is better explained as the result of policy-seeking behavior." (author's abstract)

"Was ist die Rolle von Juniorministern in Koalitionsregierungen? Insbesondere zwei Interpretationen finden sich in der Literatur, ohne dass bisher diese Deutungen zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt und auf übereinstimmende oder differierende Vorhersagen überprüft worden wären. Der erste Erklärungsansatz sieht Juniorminister als Mittel der Policy-Kontrolle und verweist auf das häufige Muster parteipolitisch wechselseitiger Besetzung von Minister- und Juniorminister- oder Staatssekretärposten. Innerhalb von Koalitionsregierungen haben Juniorminister der einen Partei dann die Aufgabe, die Ministerin einer anderen Partei zu überwachen. Der zweite Ansatz sieht diese Regierungspositionen weitgehend ohne eigenständige Policy-Funktion lediglich als Verteilungsmasse bei der Aufteilung politischer Pfründen zwischen Partnern einer Koalition. In dem Papier wird der Bereich identifiziert, in dem beide Erklärungsansätze zu unterschiedlichen empirischen Vorhersagen kommen. Die Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen an einem großen Datensatz über Koalitionsregierungen in 11 Ländern von 1949 bis 2004 identifiziert eine Gruppe von Ländern, in denen die Parteien tatsächlich eher 'postenorientiert' handeln, während in einer anderen Gruppe von Ländern Parteien offensichtlich eher 'policy-orientiert' sind." (Autorenreferat)

Politikwissenschaft ; Political science ; Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ; politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ; Regierungsamt ; Minister ; Ministerium ; Koalition ; Regierung ; Parteipolitik ; politische Kontrolle ; government office ; minister ; ministry ; coalition ; government ; party politics ; political control ; empirisch ; empirisch-quantitativ ; empirical ; quantitative empirical

Arbeitspapier, working paper

2024-08-09

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen additiven Index zum klimapolitischen Engagement auf kommunaler Ebene vor, basierend auf den drei Dimensionen Bewusstsein, Konzeption und Durchführung von Klimaschutz und Klimawandelanpassung. Die Erstellung des Index beruht auf der Selbstwahrnehmung und persönlichen Einschätzung von kommunalen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und Entscheidungsträgern, welche im Rahmen einer Primärerhebung (postalischen Befragung) erhoben und ausgewertet wurden. Der Index zeigt, wie stark sich eine Kommune klimapolitisch engagiert. Somit stellter eine Erweiterung bisheriger Indizes dar, die entweder nur Klimaschutz oder Klimaanpassung betrachten oder ausschließlich auf Sekundärstatistiken beruhen. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags wird die Anwendung des Index in drei Landkreisen bzw. 51 Gemeinden in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen beschrieben. Die Interpretation erfolgt im Kontext von Strukturmerkmalen der betreffenden Kommunen (Zahl der Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner, Stimmenanteile verschiedener Parteien, geographische Lage). Die Verteilung der Indexwerte zeigt ein ähnliches Bewusstsein bei Klimaschutz und Klimawandelanpassung, jedoch eine zunehmende Diskrepanz bei der Umsetzung von anpassungsspezifischen Maßnahmen.

This paper presents an additive index on climate policy engagement at the municipal level, based on the three dimensions awareness, conception and implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation. The distortion of the index is based on the self-perception and personal assessment of municipal decision-makers, which were collected and evaluated as part of a primary survey (postal survey). The index shows how strongly a municipality is committed to climate policy. Thus, it represents an extension of previous indices that either only consider climate mitigation or adaptation or are only based exclusively on secondary statistics. The second part of the paper describes the application of the index in three counties or 51 municipalities in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The interpretation takes place in the context of structural characteristics of the municipalities concerned (number of inhabitants, share of votes of different parties, geographical location). The distribution of the index values shows a similar awareness in climate protection and climate change adaptation, but an increasing discrepancy in the implementation of adaptation-specific measures.

Städtebau, Raumplanung, Landschaftsgestaltung ; Ökologie ; Landscaping and area planning ; Ecology ; Climate adaptation; Climate mitigation; Counties; Gemeinden; Klimaanpassung; Landkreise; Municipalities ; Raumplanung und Regionalforschung ; Ökologie und Umwelt ; Area Development Planning, Regional Research ; Ecology, Environment ; Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Kommunalpolitik ; Politikumsetzung ; Sachsen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Thüringen ; Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Index ; climate protection ; climate policy ; local politics ; policy implementation ; Saxony ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Thuringia ; Federal Republic of Germany ; index

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

If an intensity distribution of radiation (x-rays, neutrons, etc.) is scanned by a movable counterdetector, the step-scanning method is used often. The detector stops at certain positions of the region to be scanned and is left there at rest for the time of counting. Then the experimentalist has to decide where to set these positions, especially how dense the scan should be. This decision is usually done by "rule of thumb.'' In this article an optimization method will be described which uses calculus of variation to determine the registration positions (at least their density) on an objective basis. To do this, the statistical error and the error due to coarse scanning will be considered together in a figure of merit which has to be minimized. The main result is that the density of steps is proportional to the 2/5th power of the second derivative of the intensity distribution. This reflects the customary design principle, to scan regions with "more structure'' more densely. In short an application of the method on x-ray diffraction in the low angle regime will be reported. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32,000, is phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase II at a site which is also phosphorylated in intact cells. In the present study, we show that a protein kinase activity, present in caudate-putamen cytosol, phosphorylates DARPP-32 on a seryl residue located on the same thermolytic peptide that is phosphorylated by purified casein kinase II. This DARPP-32 serine kinase was indistinguishable from casein kinase II on the basis of a number of biochemical criteria. Excitotoxic lesions of the caudate-putamen and immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of casein kinase II in the medium-sized striatonigral neurons which are known to contain DARPP-32. Casein kinase II activity was high in all rat brain regions studied, and casein kinase II-like immunoreactivity was detected in most brain neurons, although some neuronal populations (e.g., cortical pyramidal cells and large striatal neurons) were stained more intensely than others. In rat caudate-putamen, 45% of the total casein kinase II activity was in the cytosol and 20% in the synaptosomal fraction. In mouse cerebral cortex and caudate-putamen, casein kinase II activity was high at embryonic day 16, and remained elevated during development. In addition to DARPP-32, several major substrates for casein kinase II were observed specifically in brain, but not in liver extracts. The high activity of casein kinase II in brain from the embryonic period to adult age and the existence of a number of specific substrates suggest that this enzyme may play an important role in both developing and mature brain, possibly in modulating the responsiveness of target proteins to various extracellular signals.

Electronic Resource

1468-2257

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Geography

Economics

State lotteries are the fiscal gimmick for the 1980s, receiving widespread popular and legislative approval. Unfortunately, the impact of structural and external influences on lottery sales is not well understood. This analysis sheds light on these influences, demonstrating that state economic activity, age of the game, interstate lottery competition, and game portfolios significantly affect sale and, consequently, benefit to the state.

Electronic Resource

1468-2257

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Geography

Economics

Electronic Resource

1468-2958

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism

This article reports the results from a four-year investigation of the relationships among four measures of social cognitive and communication abilities—cognitive differentiation, self-monitoring, perspective-taking, and persuasive ability—and the relationships of these measures to job level and upward mobility in a large East Coast insurance company. The data revealed significant relationships among all combinations of the communication-related abilities. Each was significantly related to job level, and three of the four were significantly related to upward mobility. Stepwise multiple-regression analyses revealed that, of the four communication-related abilities, cognitive differentiation accounted for the most variance in predicting job level and upward mobility. The findings suggest that communication abilities are important to the success of individuals in organizations. Persons with more developed abilities tended to be found at higher levels in the organizational hierarchy and tended lobe promoted more often than persons with less developed abilities.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

In this letter we report on the observation of growth oscillations with monolayer periodicity by ellipsometry. An oscillation amplitude of δ〈cursive-epsilon1〉=0.05 was measured using an optimized spectroscopic in situ ellipsometer whose wavelength was tuned to the 2.65 eV resonance energy of the arsenic dimers covering the GaAs (001) growth surface. The monolayer periodicity was verified by parallel monitoring of the growth with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). © 1995 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Exposure of GaAs and InGaAs to PH3 is a standard step in gas switching sequences for metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth of heterostructures in the technologically important GaAsP, InGaP, and InGaAsP material systems. The exchange of group-V atoms was monitored in situ by reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy when GaAs is exposed to PH3. The c(4×4) reconstructed, As-terminated GaAs surface is then replaced by a P-terminated structure. At standard MOVPE growth temperatures and pressures the time constant for this reaction is of the order of 100 ms. The temperature and pressure dependence of the As by P exchange is reported, and the activation energy was determined to be 1.64 eV. It is concluded that PH3 enhances the desorption of As.

Electronic Resource

1749-6632

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Natural Sciences in General

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

The dynamics of water between highly oriented multilayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) has been studied in two time domains at different hydration levels. Incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and deuterium-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) longitudinal (T1) relaxation were employed to investigate both the high-frequency motions of water (10−9–10−11 s time scale) and their anisotropy, while 2H-NMR transverse (T2) relaxation was used for obtaining information on low frequency dynamical processes (microsecond time scale). Our results show that high frequency dynamics (picosecond-time scale) at low hydration (three to four water molecules per lipid) can be understood solely as a uniaxial rotation of the water molecules tightly bound to DPPC head groups with a correlation time τrot≈62 ps at 55 °C and a rotational radius of 1±0.1 A(ring), but with no detectable translational degrees of freedom. The 2H-NMR T1 data (nanosecond-time scale) can be explained satisfactorily on the basis of fast rotations with the correlation time above and a slower reorientation of the rotational axis (correlation time τ1≈6 ns).Both QENS and 2H-NMR T1 measurements provide an apparent activation energy of Ea=32±1.0 kJ/mol for this process. Increasing the hydration level of the multilayers leaves the rotational motion essentially unchanged, but enables additional translational motion which can be considered as a jump diffusion process (diffusion coefficient D=16±1×10−10 m2/s at 44 °C and a mean residence time of τ0=2.0±0.5 ps) of nonbound water. It is interesting to note that this diffusion is completely isotropic on the characteristic length scale of this QENS experiment (≤10 A(ring)). Temperature variation shows that the phase state of the lipids has no significant effect on the high frequency dynamics of the water molecules. Measurements of the 2H-NMR quadrupolar splitting of water (D2O) at temperatures around the phase transition temperature Tm of the oriented DPPC multilayers clearly show a coexistence of the crystalline Lβ' phase and of the fluid Lα phase over a range of up to 4 °C at both sides of Tm. The intermediate Pβ' ("ripple'') phase is suppressed as we worked at hydration levels below saturation. In the coexistence range, exchange of water takes place between crystalline and fluid lipid domains due to water diffusion. This exchange causes a pronounced minimum of the 2H-NMR transverse relaxation time T2 at Tm since this low frequency process satisfies approximately a critical damping condition for a two-site chemical exchange process.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

This paper presents the first neutron scattering measurement of 1,2-1,4-polybutadienes with varying microstructure. Incoherent inelastic scattering experiments have been performed in the range of moderate (ΔE≈300 μeV) and high (ΔE≈20 μeV) energy resolution. For the moderate resolution experiments the vibration–relaxation model has been used as a guideline for interpretation. The most striking influence of the microstructure variation can be found in the position of the boson peak. Its position at low temperature as well as its temperature dependence is significantly different among the measured samples. The high resolution data have been Fourier transformed into the time domain yielding the intermediate incoherent scattering function in a time range of 5,...,150 ps. There, the basic properties found for 1,4-polybutadiene earlier could be reproduced (separation of α and βslow regimes of the slow relaxation, Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function with β≈0.4). On the basis of the new data, no microstructure induced differences can be detected except for the changes of temperature dependence due to the strongly different glass-transition temperatures and different fragility. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Objective  To evaluate the rate of multiple pregnancies in intrauterine insemination cycles stimulated with a minimal dose of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rec-FSH).Design  Retrospective study.Setting  University Medical Center.Population  A total of 1256 patients underwent 3219 consequent intrauterine insemination cycles with minimal ovarian stimulation.Methods  Patients received 50 or 75 IU of rec-FSH from day four to day seven. The dose was adjusted according to oestradiol (E2) levels in order to achieve a maximum of two follicles on the day of hCG administration.Main outcome measures  Peak E2 levels, the number of follicles 〉15 mm and pregnancy rates were calculated. The predictive value of E2 levels for multiple gestations was also estimated.Results  Of 3219 cycles, 334 resulted in pregnancies (10%). Of these, 238 (91%) were singletons, 28 (8%) twins and 1 (0.3%) was a triplet. The cumulative overall pregnancy rate was 43%. Patients over 40 years old had a significantly lower pregnancy rate per cycle and overall live birth rate (P 〈 0.05). Most pregnancies (83%) occurred during the first three cycles. Pregnancy rates per cycle varied from 8% for tubal factor to 14% for anovulation infertility.Conclusions  Minimal FSH stimulation in intrauterine insemination cycles may reduce the rates of twins and high order multiple pregnancies without affecting overall pregnancy rates.

Electronic Resource

1365-2044

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Peri-operative myocardial ischaemia is the single most important risk factor for an adverse cardiac outcome after non-cardiac surgery. The present study examines whether intermittent 12-lead ECG recordings can be used as an early warning tool to identify patients suffering from peri-operative myocardial ischaemia and subsequent myocardial cell damage. Fifty-five vascular surgery patients at risk for or with a history of coronary artery disease were monitored for peri-operative myocardial ischaemia using intermittent 12-lead ECG recordings taken pre-operatively and at 15 min, 20 h, 48 h, 72 h and 84 h postoperatively. The effectiveness of the 12-lead ECG was gauged by examining concordance with continuous 3-channel Holter monitoring and capturing peri-operative myocardial ischaemia by serial analyses of creatine kinase myocardial band isoenzyme and cardiac troponin T and I. The incidence of peri-operative myocardial ischaemia detected by 12-lead ECG was 44% and was identifiable in most patients (88%) 15 min after surgery. The incidence of peri-operative myocardial ischaemia detected by continuous monitoring was 53%, with the most severe episodes occurring intra-operatively and during emergence from anaesthesia. The concordance of the 12-lead method with continuous monitoring was 72%. The concordance of creatine kinase myocardial band isoenzyme activity with the 12-lead method was 71% and with Holter monitoring 57%. The concordance of mass concentration of creatine kinase myocardial band with 12-lead ECG recordings was 75%, and the corresponding value for Holter monitoring was 68%. The concordance of cardiac troponin T and I levels with the 12-lead method was 85% and 87%, respectively, and concordance with Holter monitoring was 72% and 66%, respectively. The postoperative 12-lead ECG identified peri-operative myocardial ischaemia associated with subsequent myocardial cell damage in most patients undergoing vascular surgery.

Electronic Resource

1748-7692

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Biology

An increase in the use of oceanographic lidar has raised concern over laser safety for marine mammals. We were able to address some of these concerns by combining information about current laser safety standards, retinal damage mechanisms for humans, and research on eye anatomy for humans, cetaceans, and pinnipeds. To estimate the irradiance at the retina, the image size at the retina and pupil diameter must be known. We estimate the smallest spot size using retinal resolution or visual acuity for six species of cetaceans and five species of pinnipeds. A sensitivity ratio was calculated for each species using the ratio of the irradiance at the retina of the marine mammal to the irradiance at the retina of humans. The sensitivity ratio was used to suggest exposure limits for the various species. Because the human eye is more sensitive than either the cetacean or pinniped eye, we conclude that laser energies that are eye-safe for humans will also be safe for marine mammals, and higher laser irradiances may be permissible if illumination of humans is avoided.

Electronic Resource