Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:Wolfrum)

2018-11-14

Am 19. Juli 2018 hat das israelische Parlament das sogenannte Nationalstaatsgesetz verabschiedet. Das Gesetz ist in Israel wie auch im internationalen Kontext stark umstritten, obwohl es strenggenommen nur wenige Neuerungen enthält. Seine Befürworter betonen, dass darin nur Realitäten zum Ausdruck kämen. Kritiker machen geltend, das Gesetz diskriminiere Minderheiten, richte sich gegen demo­kratische Werte und unterschlage insbesondere das Prinzip der Gleichheit. Dabei offenbart die Debatte in Israel das gesellschaftliche Spannungsverhältnis zwischen "jüdischer" und "demokratischer" Identität. Zudem zeigt sich, dass die maßgeblichen Unterstützer des Gesetzes auf Regierungsseite weiterreichende Absichten verfolgen, als dessen Wortlaut erkennen lässt. Ihnen geht es darum, jüdische Kollektivrechte über indivi­duelle Rechte und Freiheiten zu stellen. Das Gesetz ist daher auch eine Manifesta­tion derzeitiger Regierungspolitik, die darauf abzielt, Israel weg von einer eher libera­len und hin zu einer majoritären Demokratie zu führen. Insbesondere der Oberste Ge­richtshof als Verteidiger liberaler Prinzipien ist von dieser Politik betroffen. (Autorenreferat)

Staatsformen und Regierungssysteme ; Politikwissenschaft ; Systems of governments & states ; Political science ; Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung ; Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ; Political System, Constitution, Government ; Staat, staatliche Organisationsformen ; Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ; legislation ; zionism ; national state ; government policy ; Middle East ; Judaism ; Israel ; nation state ; democracy ; Arab ; legal status ; religion ; minority ; Zionismus ; Demokratie ; Gesetzgebung ; Staat ; Judentum ; Regierungspolitik ; Nationalstaat ; Araber ; Rechtsstellung ; Nahost ; Minderheit ; Religion ; 10500

comment, Stellungnahme

2019-12-10

Um seine Gasvorkommen zu vermarkten, setzt Israel bislang auf Exporte nach Ägyp­ten und Jordanien. Durch regionale Vernetzung im Energiebereich, etwa im Rahmen des Anfang 2019 gegründeten Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forums (EMGF), verspricht sich die israelische Regierung bessere politische Beziehungen mit der Region. Gleich­zeitig hofft Israel auf den Bau der EastMed-Pipeline. Sie würde einen direkten Export­link nach Europa schaffen, damit aber die Energiekooperation mit den arabischen Nach­barn unterminieren. Die Europäische Union (EU) sollte die regionale Energie­koopera­tion befördern, da diese die Zusammenarbeit auf anderen Gebieten begünstigen könnte. Ent­sprechend sollte die EU den Bau der EastMed-Pipeline nicht unterstützen. (Autorenreferat)

Politikwissenschaft ; Political science ; Erdölgewinnung/Erdgasgewinnung; Pipeline; Östlicher Mittelmeerraum; Europäische Union; Energieaußenpolitik; Regionale Wirtschaftskooperation; Internationale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Special areas of Departmental Policy ; spezielle Ressortpolitik ; Erdgas ; Erdöl ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Rohstoff ; Mittelmeerraum ; Jordanien ; wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit ; Israel ; Export ; Ägypten ; export ; crude oil ; Mediterranean region ; raw materials ; economic cooperation ; natural gas ; Jordan ; Egypt ; export policy ; 10500

Arbeitspapier, working paper

2019-12-10

In order to market its gas reserves, Israel has until now relied on exports to Egypt and Jordan. Through regional networking in the energy sector - for example, within the framework of the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), which was founded at the beginning of 2019 - the Israeli government hopes to improve its political relations in the region. At the same time, Israel is investing hope in the building of the EastMed gas pipeline. Its construction would create a direct export link to Europe, but it would thereby also undermine energy cooperation with its Arab neighbours. The Euro­pean Union (EU) should promote regional energy cooperation, as this could pro­mote part­nerships in other areas. Accordingly, the EU should not support the con­struction of the EastMed pipeline. (Autorenreferat)

Politikwissenschaft ; Political science ; Pipeline ; Special areas of Departmental Policy ; spezielle Ressortpolitik ; Erdgas ; Erdöl ; Energiepolitik ; regionale Verflechtung ; wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit ; Israel ; Ägypten ; Außenhandel ; EU ; Integration ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Rohstoff ; Mittelmeerraum ; Jordanien ; Außenpolitik ; Export ; Wirtschaft ; crude oil ; foreign policy ; integration ; economic cooperation ; foreign trade ; natural gas ; Jordan ; regional interdependence ; export policy ; export ; Mediterranean region ; energy policy ; raw materials ; Egypt ; economy

comment, Stellungnahme

2019-03-14

On 19 July 2018, the Israeli parliament passed legislation known as the nation-state law. It is highly controversial in Israel as well as internationally, although strictly speaking there is little new contained in it. Its advocates emphasise that it merely gives expression to existing realities. Critics argue that the law discriminates against minorities, runs counter to democratic values and, in particular, undermines the prin­ciple of equality. The debate reveals the social tension in Israel between its ‘Jewish’ and ‘democratic’ identity. In addition, it becomes clear that the main sup­porters of the law on the government side have more far-reaching intentions than its wording suggests. Their aim is to place Jewish collective rights above individual rights and freedoms. The law is, therefore, also a manifestation of current govern­ment policy aimed at leading Israel away from a more liberal democracy and towards a majoritarian democracy. In particular, this policy affects the Supreme Court as a defender of liberal principles. (author's abstract)

Staatsformen und Regierungssysteme ; Politikwissenschaft ; Systems of governments & states ; Political science ; Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung ; Staat, staatliche Organisationsformen ; Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ; Political System, Constitution, Government ; Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ; Israel ; Regierungspolitik ; Religion ; Staat ; Gesetzgebung ; Nationalstaat ; Judentum ; Rechtsstellung ; Minderheit ; Araber ; Demokratie ; Zionismus ; Nahost ; government policy ; religion ; national state ; legislation ; nation state ; Judaism ; legal status ; minority ; Arab ; democracy ; zionism ; Middle East ; 10500

Stellungnahme, comment

1089-7674

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

The temporal development of laser driven single mode perturbations in thin Al foils has been measured using extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser radiography. 15, 30, 70 and 90 μm single modes were imprinted on 2 μm thick Al foils with an optical driver laser at 527 nm for intensities in the range 5×1012 to 1.5×1013 W cm−2. The magnitude of the imprinted perturbation at the time of shock break out was determined by fitting to the data estimated curves of growth of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability after shock break out. The efficiency of imprinting is independent of perturbation wavelength in the parameter range of this experiment, suggesting little influence of thermal conduction smoothing. The results are of interest for directly driven inertially confined fusion. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

Plasma-wall interaction and impurity transport processes in the outermost region of magnetically confined hot plasmas (the so-called plasma edge) must be well understood for successful development of future thermonuclear fusion reactors. To this goal, sufficiently detailed edge plasma diagnostics are in great demand. By injecting a fast Li beam into the edge plasma region, a great number of information can be obtained with excellent space and time resolution. This so-called Li-beam plasma spectroscopy gives access not only to edge plasma density profiles from the collisionally excited Li atoms, but also to the impurity concentration and temperature profiles via line emission induced by electron capture from the injected Li atoms by the impurity ions. Full utilization of all capabilities requires a reliable data base for the atomic collision processes involving injected Li atoms and plasma constituents (i.e., electrons, hydrogen ions, and relevant impurities in their various charge states), since a precise modeling of Li beam attenuation and excited-state composition has to be made for evaluating desired plasma properties from the related spectroscopical measurements. The most recent methodical improvement permits a fully consistent determination of absolute edge plasma density profiles by measuring only relative LiI line emission profiles. This is of special interest for investigating rapid edge plasma density fluctuations in connection with, e.g., ELMs, L-H mode transition, turbulence or edge cooling by impurity injection. This paper describes the capabilities of Li-beam edge plasma spectroscopy by way of illustrative examples from measurements at the tokamak experiment TEXTOR.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We have carried out in situ transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements in two "wet''(OH content ∼0.1%) fused silica samples (Suprasil II from Heraeus Amersil and P-30 from Shin-Etsu Quartz Product) during KrF laser irradiation. Both samples exhibit an absorption peak at 210 nm corresponding to the E' center. For Suprasil II, there is also a 265 nm absorption peak, and both peaks increase with the number of irradiated pulses showing little relaxation after the laser was turned off. The region irradiated with three million pulses at 400 mJ/cm2 fluence ten months ago has a residual absorption of about 10%/cm at 210 nm. On the other hand, the P-30 shows a rapid increase in the 210 nm absorption in both the unirradiated and previously irradiated regions during the initial irradiation and levels off after a few thousand pulses. There is no residual absorption at the spot irradiated for 63 million pulses ten months ago. However, the initial rate of increase in the previously irradiated spot is twice as high as compared to the unirradiated spot. This suggests the density of the precursor state for the E' center is higher in the previously irradiated region. The fluorescence intensity at 650 nm increases with the induced absorption for Suprasil II, but is almost independent of the number of irradiation pulses in P-30. The quasilinear repetition-rate dependence suggests the fluorescence is transient in nature and relaxes partially between successive laser pulses.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

With H atoms from ultraviolet laser photolysis of H2S and HI, the influence of the translational excitation of the reagents on the reaction dynamics and the absolute value of the reaction cross section of H+H2O→OH+H2 has been studied in the center of mass (c.m.) energy range from the reaction threshold up to 2.2 eV. To determine the OH product rotational fine-structure distributions, the nascent OH radicals were detected with quantum state resolution by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). It was found that at all c.m. collision energies, the OH radicals are produced exclusively in the vibrational ground state. The measured OH(v=0) rotational fine-structure distributions can be described by Boltzmann distributions, with rotational temperatures which increase only slightly with increasing collision energy. Near the threshold, the OH fine structure rotational temperatures are almost equal; at higher collision energies, the rotational temperature of the OH(A') fine structure distribution is about a factor of 1.5 higher than the rotational temperature of the corresponding OH(A‘) fine-structure distribution, leading to preferential population of the symmetric Π(A') state at high rotational quantum numbers. To investigate the influence of the reagents' translational energy on the reactivity, absolute reaction cross sections were measured at different collision energies. Using a calibration method to measure absolute number densities of nascent OH product radicals under single-collision conditions, the following absolute reaction cross sections were obtained: σR(1.0 eV)=(0.03±0.02) A(ring)2, σR(1.5 eV)=(0.16±0.05) A(ring)2, σR(1.8 eV)=(0.18±0.06) A(ring)2, σR(2.2 eV)=(0.25±0.07) A(ring)2. The experimental absolute reaction cross sections and OH rotational distributions are compared to the results of recent quasiclassical and quantum scattering calculations on an ab initio potential energy surface.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

A joint investigation has been undertaken of the gas-phase chemistry taking place in a hot-filament chemical vapor-deposition (HFCVD) process for diamond synthesis on silica surfaces by a detailed comparison of numerical modeling and experimental results. Molecular beam sampling using quadrupole mass spectroscopy and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (REMPI-TOF-MS) has been used to determine absolute concentrations of stable hydrocarbons and radicals. Resulting species of a CH4/H2, a CH4/D2 (both 0.5%/99.5%) and a C2H2/H2 (0.25%/99.75%) feedgas mixture were investigated for varying filament and substrate temperatures. Spatially resolved temperature profiles at various substrate temperatures, obtained from coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of hydrogen, are used as input parameters for the numerical code to reproduce hydrogen atom, methyl radical, methane, acetylene, and ethylene concentration profiles in the boundary layer of the substrate. In addition, the concentration of vibrationally excited hydrogen is determined by CARS. Results reveal only qualitative agreement between measured data and simulations, concerning concentrations of stable species and radicals probed near the surface, on filament and substrate temperature dependence, respectively. Hydrogen and deuterium experiments show similar behaviour for all species. In the case of CH4 as feedgas the model describes measured concentration profiles of CH3, CH4, and C2H2 qualitatively well. Large differences between model and experiment occur for hydrogen atoms (factor of 2) and C2H4 (factor of 3). For acetylene as feedgas the model is not able to give any predictions because no conversion of C2H2 is seen in the model in contrast to the experiment. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Using the laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) "pump-and-probe" technique, the dynamics of H atom formation in the photodissociation of CH3–CF2Cl (HCFC-142b) after excitation at 193 nm and the Lyman-α wavelength were studied under collision-free conditions in the gas-phase at room temperature. The H atoms produced were detected by (2p2P←1s2S)-LIF using tunable narrow-band Lyman-α laser radiation (λLα(approximate)121.6 nm) generated by resonant third-order sum-difference frequency conversion of pulsed dye laser radiation. In the VUV photodissociation experiments the Lyman-α laser radiation was used both to photodissociate the parent molecules and to detect the produced nascent H atoms via laser induced fluorescence. The following quantum yields ΦH for H atom formation were determined by a photolytic calibration method: ΦH(193 nm)=(0.06±0.02) and ΦH(Lα)=(0.53±0.12). From the measured H atom Doppler profiles the average H atom kinetic energy was determined to be ET(193 nm)=(51±10) kJ/mol and ET(Lα)=(72±4) kJ/mol, respectively. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

The gas-phase dissociation dynamics of CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3 after photoexcitation at the Lyman-α wavelength (121.6 nm) were studied under collision-free conditions at room temperature. Narrow-band tunable Lyman-α laser radiation (λLα(approximate)121.6 nm) was generated by resonant third-order sum-difference frequency conversion of pulsed-dye-laser radiation and used both to photodissociate the parent molecules and to detect the nascent H atom products via (2p2P←1s2S) laser induced fluorescence. Absolute H atom quantum yields ΦH(CH3Cl)=(0.53±0.05), ΦH(CH2Cl2)=(0.28±0.03), and ΦH(CHCl3)=(0.23±0.03) were determined employing a photolytic calibration method where the Lyman-α photolysis of H2O was used as a reference source of well-defined H atom concentrations. H atom Doppler profiles were measured for all chlorinated methanes. In the case of CH3Cl the line shapes of the profiles indicate a pronounced bimodal translational energy distribution suggesting the presence of two H atom formation mechanisms leading to a markedly different H atom translational energy release. The observed "slow" component of the H atom translational energy distribution corresponds to an average kinetic energy of (55±5) kJ/mol, while the "fast" component leads to an average kinetic energy of (320±17) kJ/mol. The relative branching ratio between the "fast" and the "slow" H atom channel was determined to be (0.71±0.15). For CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 no bimodal translational energy distributions were observed. Here the translational energy distributions could each be well described by a single Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, corresponding to an average translational energy of (81±9) kJ/mol and (75±4) kJ/mol, respectively. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1460-9568

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Blinding diseases can be assigned predominantly to genetic defects of the photoreceptor/pigmented epithelium complex. As an alternative, we show here for an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) knockout mouse that photoreceptor degeneration follows an impaired development of the inner retina. During the first 15 postnatal days of the AChE–/– retina, three major calretinin sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) are disturbed. Thereby, processes of amacrine and ganglion cells diffusely criss-cross throughout the IPL. In contrast, parvalbumin cells present a nonlaminar IPL pattern in the wild-type, but in the AChE–/– mouse their processes become structured within two ‘novel’ sublaminae. During this early period, photoreceptors become arranged regularly and at a normal rate in the AChE–/– retina. However, during the following 75 days, first their outer segments, and then the entire photoreceptor layer completely degenerate by apoptosis. Eventually, cells of the inner retina also undergo apoptosis. As butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is present at a normal level in the AChE–/– mouse, the observed effects must be solely due to the missing AChE. These are the first in vivo findings to show a decisive role for AChE in the formation of the inner retinal network, which, when absent, ultimately results in photoreceptor degeneration.

Electronic Resource

1546-170X

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Medicine

[Auszug] High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are considered antiatherogenic because they mediate reverse cholesterol transport from the periphery to the liver for excretion and degradation. Here we show that mice deficient in apolipoprotein M (apoM), a component of the HDL particle, accumulated cholesterol in ...

Electronic Resource

1546-1718

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Medicine

[Auszug] Protein-protein interaction analyses have uncovered a ciliary and basal body protein network that, when disrupted, can result in nephronophthisis (NPHP), Leber congenital amaurosis, Senior-Løken syndrome (SLSN) or Joubert syndrome (JBTS). However, details of the molecular mechanisms ...

Electronic Resource

1546-1718

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Medicine

[Auszug] Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) causes blindness or severe visual impairment at or within a few months of birth. Here we show, using homozygosity mapping, that the LCA5 gene on chromosome 6q14, which encodes the previously unknown ciliary protein lebercilin, is associated with this disease. We ...

Electronic Resource

1546-1696

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

[Auszug] Cholesterol-conjugated siRNAs can silence gene expression in vivo. Here we synthesize a variety of lipophilic siRNAs and use them to elucidate the requirements for siRNA delivery in vivo. We show that conjugation to bile acids and long-chain fatty acids, in addition to cholesterol, mediates siRNA ...

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] The reaction of 0(21D2) with Freons 11⑱3 (CFC13, CF2C12 and CF3C1) is known to give rise to CIO radicals6 0(1D)+CF.C1 ,-〉ClO + CFXC1 y (3) and thus provides a means of direct entry into the CIOx cycle. A number of other channels may, however, contribute to the overall rate of removal of O(1D), ...

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] The assembly of signalling molecules into macromolecular complexes (transducisomes) provides specificity, sensitivity and speed in intracellular signalling pathways,. Rod photoreceptors in the eye contain an unusual set of glutamic-acid-rich proteins (GARPs) of unknown function. GARPs exist as ...

Electronic Resource

0009-8981

Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002

Medicine

Electronic Resource