Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:T. Hunter)

2013-09-07

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

0036-8075

1095-9203

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Computer Science

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

England ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Proteins/chemistry/*history/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; United States ; *src Homology Domains

2018-12-07

American Society of Hematology (ASH)

0006-4971

1528-0020

Biology

Medicine

Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Phagocytes, Granulocytes, and Myelopoiesis, Platelets and Thrombopoiesis, Thrombosis and Hemostasis

2012-01-20

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2014-09-26

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

Amino Acid Sequence ; Casein Kinase II/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Conserved Sequence ; Histones/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription Elongation, Genetic ; Tyrosine/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination/genetics

2012-10-02

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

*Algorithms ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Brain/metabolism ; Cadherins/metabolism ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Humans ; Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; PPAR gamma/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Interaction Mapping/*methods ; *Protein Interaction Maps ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Proteome/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteomics/*methods ; ROC Curve ; Reproducibility of Results ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/metabolism ; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism

1467-923X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Political Science

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Apothecia of Tapesia yallundae are reported for the first time in the UK. They were observed on decaying stems and leaf sheaths of unharvested wheat near Bristol in January 1989. Isolates from single ascospores produced cultures typical of the W-type form of the anamorph, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Pathogenicity on wheat was confirmed by inoculation and re-isolation from glasshouse-grown wheat seedlings.

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

A site with no known history of cereal growing or carbendazim fungicide use was inoculated in 1983 with an equal mixture of spores of R-type and W-type isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. all sensitive to carbendazim. Following three consecutive years of carbendazim sprays, more than 90% of isolates recovered were carbendazim-resistant. A majority of R-type isolates was recovered after 3 years and resistance was found to be more frequent in R-type than in W-type isolates. A mixture of carbendazim with prochloraz initially delayed the development of carbendazim resistance, but after 3 years the incidence of resistance was similar to that where carbendazim alone was applied. The best control of eyespot was given by the mixture and by a split application of prochloraz in the first year, by the mixture in the second year, and by the split prochloraz application in the final year. A greater proportion of R-type isolates was recovered from prochloraz-treated plots than from unsprayed plots; the proportion of these that were resistant to carbendazim was lower than that from carbendazim treatments. Throughout this study isolates resistant to prochloraz were not detected.

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Sporulation from sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. on grapevine canes was suppressed for 14 days in laboratory trials by tar/petroleum oil, but not by other materials tested. Dichlofluanid gave the most effective control of B. cinerea during the growing season, but benomyl and the substituted hydantoin fungicide, iprodione, reduced fruit infection significantly. Completion of fermentation was delayed in juice extracted from fruit harvested eight days after the final spray of dichlofluanid or chlorothalonil had been applied.

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

The spread of septoria leaf blotch in wheat caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola is widely reported to depend on the occurrence of splashy rainfall. Previous studies have also implicated an important effect of canopy architecture on the risk of disease spread. This is because architecture affects the proximity of the yield-forming leaves to inoculum present on older diseased leaves within the crop. This study demonstrated that infection of the final three leaves of winter wheat could occur in the absence of splashy rainfall. For cvs Riband and Longbow, the final two leaf layers emerged at a position ≈ 8 cm below older leaves containing sporulating lesions. Under these conditions, infection of new leaves occurred in treatments that simulated dew and nonsplashy rainfall. These treatments resulted in disease incidences of 10–40% above the untreated control on the final two leaf layers. Within a season, the distance between diseased and healthy leaves during the period of stem extension varied substantially across a range of 30 cultivars. While the magnitude of these differences was not the same across seasons, the relative differences between cultivars were generally consistent, suggesting a strong genotype influence on lesion proximity. This study shows how knowledge of the distribution of lesion proximity within a crop can be used to estimate the risk of inoculum transfer for a given maximum splash height. A rapid crop-monitoring method for estimating the distribution of lesion proximity was developed and tested. Lesion proximity was manipulated by plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments. Significant increases in disease, between 14 and 62%, were observed on the upper canopy leaves of plants treated with PGR. The largest differences were observed in treatments where lesion proximity was most affected.

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Generally, it is recognized that inocula of Septoria tritici present on the basal leaves of winter wheat crops are spread towards the top of the canopy by splashy rainfall. This mechanism of inoculum dispersal is commonly accepted to be a key limit on disease progression. Therefore, attempts to forecast epidemics of S. tritici often quantify rainfall by some means, but largely ignore measurement of pathogen and host variables. In the present study, we show that new wheat leaves emerge initially at a height below established leaves that can contain sporulating lesions of S. tritici. This presents the possibility of horizontal inoculum transfer, even without splashy rainfall. The extent and duration of overlap between emergent and established leaves was found to differ considerably with cultivar and sowing date. Nitrogen application had little effect on overlap, because differences in crop phenology, e.g. leaf area and nodal length, were relative. However, estimates of raindrop penetration to the base of crop canopies suggested that vertical movement of inoculum is affected by nitrogen application. Crops receiving more nitrogen are denser, and therefore less rainfall reaches the base of the canopy. The interactions between crop and pathogen development are discussed with reference to the implications for predicting disease risk. In particular, cultivar traits that promote disease escape are quantified.

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Batches of two winter wheat cultivars (Riband and Apollo) were inoculated with conidia of Mycosphaerella graminicola at weekly intervals over a 2 year period. Following 72 h incubation, plants were placed in ambient temperatures ranging between −7 and 32°C with mean batch temperatures of 2·9–20·2°C. Latent period until the first visible symptoms ranged between 11 and 42 days. The relationship between development of lesions and accumulated thermal time was described using a shifted cumulative gamma distribution model. The model provided good estimates of lesion development with r2 〉 0·92 for both cultivars. Base temperatures, below which the pathogen did not develop, were estimated from the model as approximately −2·4°C for the two cultivars. Latent period was estimated as being 250 and 301 degree-days above the estimated base temperature, when defined as time from inoculation to first lesion and time to 50% of maximal lesions, respectively, for cv. Riband. The values for cv. Apollo were similar, but with estimates of thermal time periods c. 5% higher. The relationship between mean temperature and inverse latent period, expressed as days either to first lesion or to 50% of maximal lesions, was best described by a linear regression with r2 〉 0·96 for both cultivars. The opportunity for plants to outgrow disease was reduced when prolonged periods of cold temperature occurred, because the base temperature for growth of the pathogen was less than that for the crop.

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Six Salix clones were inoculated with urediniospores of four isolates of Melampsora larici-epitea at five inoculum levels using a leaf-disc method. Disease reactions were recorded using a digital camera; the number and size of uredinia were examined using image analysis software; and spore yield per leaf disc was measured. In three Salix/Melampsora combinations, S. × mollissima‘Q83’/Q1 (LET4); S. viminalis‘78183’/V1 (LET1); and S. × stipularis/V1, pustule numbers increased as inoculum density became higher. In the remainder, S. viminalis‘Mullatin’/V1; S. × calodendron/DB (LET3); and S. burjatica‘Korso’/K (LR1), pustule numbers initially increased, then decreased as inoculum densities exceeded 140–360 spores per disc. Calculated infection efficiency ranged from 0·11 to 0·20 on the three willows inoculated with V1: 0·16–0·68 for S. × calodendron/DB; 0·20–0·55 for ‘Q83’/Q1; and 0·07–0·48 for Korso/K. In single-spore inoculations, up to 10% of spores produced single uredinia. Infection efficiency increased sharply between inoculum densities of 1–40 spores per leaf disc. Spore yield was more closely correlated to pustule area (accounting for 61·2% variance for the combined data) than to the number of pustules (42·7% variance). For spore yields in relation to pustule numbers, clone-specific individual lines having different intercepts and slopes fitted significantly better than either a single line for all the tested willows, or parallel lines fitted to each clone (P 〈 0·001). For spore yields in relation to pustule area, clone-specific individual parallel lines were significantly better than a single line (P 〈 0·001).

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

A total of 174 Salix (willow) clones belonging to 57 species and 14 interspecific hybrids were inoculated with seven pathotypes of Melampsora larici-epitea using the leaf disc method. Infection types were scored based on the uredinial pustule area data and the inoculum density. A close correlation (R2 = 0·82) was found between the average pustule area and the average number of spores produced. Most of the willows were also assessed in the field for rust in 1999. Most willow clones belonging to the species native to western Europe were infected by the rust. In inoculation experiments, uredinia developed on 46 S. viminalis clones, out of a total of 47. In the field, all the S. viminalis clones were infected by rust. Within the subgenus Vetrix, eight out of the 17 willow species that originated from North and South America produced rust pustules in inoculation experiments. Of these, S. pellita was most susceptible. Salix irrorata and S. lasiolepsis var. bracelinae produced well developed pustules after inoculation but no rust infections were detected in the field. In both leaf disc tests and field assessments, no rust infections were found on S. candida, S. cordata, S. drummondiana, S. eriocephala, S. hookeriana, S. houghtonii, S. humilis, S. rigida var. mackenziana and S. syrticola. Of 12 species of subgenus Vetrix native to northeast Asia and Japan, only S. kochiana was susceptible both in inoculation tests and in the field. Salix rossica produced no symptoms in leaf disc tests but showed low levels of infection in the field. The maximum infection type scores in leaf disc tests were highly significantly correlated with field disease severity scores (Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0·76, P 〈 1 × 10−10).

Electronic Resource

1365-3059

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Eighteen isolates of the rust fungus Melampsora from different locations in England were tested for pathogenicity to a large range of willow clones (Salix spp.) in experiments involving inoculation of leaf discs. Seventeen of the isolates were of leaf-infecting M. epitea var. epitea, 16 of which represented forms which alternated on Larix and one of which alternated on Ribes. The remaining isolate was of uncertain identity. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, 24 willow clones consisting of 20 Salix species and interspecific hybrids were inoculated with eight isolates from clones of S. viminalis. In the other experiment, 77 clones from 57 species or hybrids were inoculated with 10 isolates from several Salix spp. The M. epitea var. epitea isolates from S. viminalis clones were all similarly pathogenic, whilst most of the other isolates expressed distinct host specificity. Eight distinct pathotypes were recognized within M. epitea var. epitea. All except one of these alternated on Larix and could be assigned to three formae speciales which had been reported previously in Europe: four pathotypes to f.sp. larici-epitea typica, two to f.sp. larici-retusae, and one to f.sp. larici-daphnoides. The Ribes-alternating pathotype of M. epitea var.epitea infected only S. purpurea. Nine differential willow hosts are proposed as reference clones to distinguish between the larch-alternating pathotypes, the Ribes-alternating rust and the ‘stem-infecting’ form. The extent of pathogenic variation encountered amongst sexually reproducing rusts suggests that more pathotypes probably exist and will arise in future in response to selection given by long-term clonal willow plantings.

Electronic Resource

0029-2397

English, American Studies

History

1365-2133

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Thirty-two drugs, including some in use for a variety of clinical disorders, were examined for their ability to inhibit calmodulin activity in vitro. From these. 10 drugs were selected for their inhibition of calmodulin activity and examined for their ability to inhibit proliferation of rapidly dividing human keratinocytes. A significant correlation between antiproliferative activity and calmodulin antagonist potency was found. Of these drugs there were several, including miconazole. dequalininm chloride, bromocriptine and tamoxifen, whose use is well established and well documented. The potential use of these drugs (and others identified in this way) as antipsoriatic agents is discussed.

Electronic Resource