Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:S. Barton)

2011-10-15

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

0036-8075

1095-9203

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Computer Science

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

5' Untranslated Regions ; Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; Codon, Initiator ; Dimerization ; Genes, gag ; *Genome, Viral ; HIV-1/*genetics/*physiology ; Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins/metabolism ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleocapsid Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/*genetics ; *Virus Assembly ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism

2018-04-07

American Chemical Society (ACS)

0893-228X

1520-5010

Medicine

2015-05-23

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

0036-8075

1095-9203

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Computer Science

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

Base Sequence ; Genome, Viral ; Guanosine/chemistry ; HIV-1/*chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/genetics ; *Virus Assembly ; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry

2018-01-25

BMJ Publishing Group

0022-2593

1468-6244

Medicine

Open access

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

We have studied the structure of a monolayer of C21H43OH on water, in the region near close packing, by grazing incidence in-plane x-ray diffraction. For all temperatures studied the isotherms in the πa plane show a kink, signaling a phase transition. Along an isotherm, and for pressures above the kink, we observe that the transverse structure factor has one peak which has constant position, width, and intensity; below the kink the diffraction peak shifts to smaller scattering vector (larger separation) and the amplitude decays as the surface pressure decreases, but the width of the peak remains constant. We rationalize these observations in terms of the influence on the transverse structure factor of gauche configurations in the amphiphile tails, with the kink representing the point at which the last of the gauche configurations is squeezed out of the chain. Along an isobar which is at higher pressure than the kink pressures of all isotherms crossed, the transverse structure factor has a single peak above a transition temperature and two peaks below that temperature; for π=30 dyn/cm the transition temperature is in the range 16.3〈T〈21.3 °C. We interpret this observation, by comparison with the properties of the lamellar crystalline n-paraffins, as a hexagonal-to-pseudohexagonal structural transition analogous to the crystal rotator II-to-rotator I transition. Our results imply that the hydrocarbon tails of the amphiphile molecules dominate the properties of the monolayer.

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1468-2494

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

In an industry very much concerned with image it is not surprising to find that Image Analysers are beginning to fulfil the potential that a few groups recognized some time ago. This presentation will outline briefly the principles of image analysis and demonstrate how these can be put to use in measurement. Skin will be referenced as the example almost throughout this text, though it is important to remember that there are other applications which may interest cosmetic chemists; in the field of particulates and emulsions for example, and generally in production quality control. Finally, since the technology is often very easy to use, potential dangers in its misuse will also be pointed out where necessary.

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1468-3083

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

A European panel of physicians reviewed the current treatments and perceptions of recurrent genital herpes (GH) across the continent. The panel consisted of specialists in dermatology and venereology from France, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the UK. A wide variety of factors that influence GH management were considered, including different health delivery systems, funding and cultural differences. The poor awareness of GH among both the general public and physicians was highlighted. The effectiveness of GH management was then examined from a patient's viewpoint, including the confirmation of the diagnosis, information and counselling about GH, as well as prescriptions for treatment. It was agreed that both physicians and patients often feel uncomfortable about discussing the disease, and that a European-wide effort is needed to re-educate patients and physicians about GH. The panel identified clear and unmet needs to manage a patient with clinical recurrences and to attempt to reduce the risk of GH transmission. Finally, resiquimod, an immune response modifier, was considered as a potential treatment option for GH.

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Summary. Quantitative histological study of 84 laser cone biopsies showed a highly significant correlation between the grade of a cervical smear and the size of the lesion for all grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (CIN 1 P= 0·004; CIN II P= 0·0001; C1N 111 P= 0·003; total CIN P〈 0·0001); 10 of 34 (29%) of women with CIN III and mild dyskaryosis or less had significantly smaller lesions than 23 of 36 (63%) of women with CIN III and moderate or severe dyskaryosis. Repeat cytology identified as severe dyskaryosis all those with large CIN III lesions. Lesion size has been neglected in studies of the natural history of CIN and in the assessment of cytological screening, but offers an explanation for the apparent discrepancies between cytological, colposcopic and histological assessment of progression of CIN.

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Summary. False-negative cervical cytology due to sampling error is a well-recognized problem. Forty-seven women with histologically proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were studied. All had two cervical smears performed at a mean interval of 3 months. At the time of the second smear, cervicography, colposcopy and biopsy were performed. The area of acctowhite cervical lesions and of the total visible atypical transformation zone (ATZ) were measurcd from the cervical photographs. The 17 women in whom one or both smears showed no dyskaryosis were found to have a significantly smaller proportion of their ATZ affected by CIN. It is suggested that this finding can account for the sampling error which causes false-negative cervical cytology. New screening techniques, such as cervicography, may offer a method of detecting and assessing these relatively smaller cervical lesions.

Electronic Resource

1365-2044

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1365-2222

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background Mast cell chymase has the potential to be an important mediator of inflammation and remodelling in the asthmatic lung. Previous studies have examined association between promoter polymorphism of the chymase gene (CMA1) and allergic phenotypes but the significance of this polymorphism is unclear. We have examined association of a CMA1 variant in relation to asthma in a large UK Caucasian family cohort.Methods A polymorphism of the CMA1 gene promoter (−1903G/A) was genotyped in 341 asthmatic families and in 184 non-asthmatic adults recruited from the UK PCR-RFLP based genotyping. Association with asthma diagnosis, atopy, specific and total IgE, and atopy and asthma severity was examined.Results Case–control studies did not reveal a significant difference in allele frequency between asthmatics and controls. A significant association was found between CMA1 genotypes and total IgE levels in subjects with self-reported eczema that remained significant after correction for multiple testing (median total serum IgE GG 297 kU/L, GA 144 kU/L, AA 48.4 kU/L, Pc=0.0032).Conclusion These data suggest that CMA1 promoter polymorphism does not contribute to asthma susceptibility or severity but may be involved in regulating IgE levels in patients with eczema.

Electronic Resource

1365-2222

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background  IL-4 by binding to its receptor (IL-4R) is essential for the development of airway inflammation present in asthma, through the induction of IgE synthesis in B cells and differentiation of T cells to a Th2 phenotype.Objective  To investigate the role of four common polymorphisms in the IL-4 (IL4-34CT and IL4-589CT) and IL-4Rα chain (IL4RAI50V and IL4RAQ576R) genes in conferring susceptibility to the development of atopy and/or asthma.Methods  Two polymorphisms in the IL-4 gene promoter, IL4-34CT and IL4-589CT, and two polymorphisms in the IL-4Rα chain gene, IL4RAI50V and IL4RAQ576R, have been genotyped using PCR-based methods in 341 asthmatic families and in 184 non-asthmatic adults recruited from the south of England.Results  Case–control analysis did not reveal differences in the distribution of the four polymorphisms between asthmatics and controls. However, the transmission disequilibrium test showed that the IL4-589 T allele was preferentially transmitted to asthmatic children (P=0.036) and that the IL4RAQ576 was preferentially transmitted to children with atopic asthma (P=0.018). Haplotype analysis showed a strong association between the IL4-34T/-589T haplotype and asthma per se (P=0.041), and a strong association between the IL4RA I50/Q576 haplotype and atopic asthma (P=0.006).Conclusion  Our data suggest that polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-4Rα chain genes might play a role both conferring susceptibility to and modulating severity of atopy and asthma.

Electronic Resource

1365-2222

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) are essential for cysteinyl-leukotriene (cys-LT) production, critical mediators in asthma.Objective We sought to identify novel promoter polymorphisms within the FLAP (ALOX5AP) gene promoter and test the role of these and the previously identified 5-LO (ALOX5) Sp1 promoter polymorphism in asthma susceptibility.Methods To assess genetic association with asthma phenotypes, we genotyped 341 Caucasian families (containing two asthmatic siblings) and non-asthmatic control subjects (n=184). Genetic association was determined by case–control and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analyses. To determine the functional role of polymorphisms on basal transcription, we generated ALOX5AP-promoter-luciferase constructs and transiently transfected human HeLa cells.Results A novel G/A substitution at –336 bp and a poly(A) repeat (n=19 or 23) at position −169 to −146 bp were identified in the ALOX5AP promoter. Genotyping found the −336 A and poly(A19) alleles at frequencies of q=0.06 and 0.12, respectively. No ALOX5AP allele was associated with asthma or asthma-related phenotypes in case–control or TDT analyses. ALOX5AP-promoter-luciferase analyses did not support a functional role of the −336 or poly(A) polymorphism in determining basal transcription. The ALOX5 Sp1 polymorphism was predominantly homozygous wild-type 5/5 (frequency q=0.70) and heterozygous 4/5 (q=0.23) genotypes and no allele was associated with asthma or asthma-related phenotypes.Conclusion Taken together, these data do not support a significant role for these polymorphisms in genetic susceptibility to asthma in the Caucasian population.

Electronic Resource

0022-5185

Theology and Religious Studies

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