Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:Rieper)

Krekeler, Hermann; Rieper-Bastian, Marlies

Unknown

127 S.

3473373486

German

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

2018-07-27

Departing from the previous focus on negative involvements of business in the political economy of war and its role in fuelling or causing conflict, transnational corporations are increasingly expected to contribute to conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict peace building. This paper analyzes under which conditions transnational corporations contribute to peace and security in zones of conflict. The question is explored in the framework of a comparative case study of Shell’s engagement in Nigeria and BP’s engagement in Azerbaijan. It is argued that transnational civil society activism, company and production characteristics and the role of the host state are crucial determinants of corporate engagement towards peace and security.

Wirtschaft ; Politikwissenschaft ; Economics ; Political science ; Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ; Management Science ; Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ; Management ; multinationales Unternehmen ; Global Governance ; Prävention ; Engagement ; Konfliktregelung ; Sicherheit ; Friedenssicherung ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Verantwortung ; responsibility ; global governance ; multinational corporations ; corporate social responibility ; peacekeeping ; security ; prevention ; conflict management ; involvement ; 10500

Arbeitspapier, working paper

1468-2397

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Sociology

Public service quality is a recent trend in the context of new public management. During the 1990s, public service quality initiatives have been launched in numerous countries at various levels of government. These initiatives have involved a variety of approaches: professional standard setting, service excellence based on users' perception of quality, government granted rights and choice for consumers, and the activity of consumer movements. Public service quality is considered on three levels: the micro level related to the output of the service delivery, the meso level related to the outcome of the service, and the macro level related to public values. Various stakeholders of evaluations of service quality efforts are identified and their expected use of evaluation is discussed. Three roles of education are described: one in the implementation of public service quality, another in evaluation of the success of service quality initiatives, and a third role of evaluating higher levl outcomes. It is argued that even if evaluation techniques are necessary tools for improving service quality at the micro level during implementation, it is even more important to evaluate these initiatives against higher level policy goals and social values.

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1438-3888

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Biology

Summary 1. Investigations were carried out on monthly voyages to the Schlei, a fjord of the western Baltic Sea, from 1972 to 1974. 2. The Schlei is characterized by two successive water blooms — one in the spring caused byChlorella sp., and a Cyanophyceae bloom in late summer withMicrocystis aeruginosa as the dominant species. 3. The blooms are accompanied by different bacteria populations. It was noted, e. g., that the proportion of red pigmented bacteria is greatest during the spring, whereas in late summer the numbers of pigmented bacteria decrease and white or colorless forms dominate. 4. In order to determine the relationship of the bacteria to the phytoplankton blooms, the predominant algae and bacteria species in the Schlei were isolated, and laboratory experiments with these microorganisms were carried out. 5. The results of these experiments showed that the growth of the red bacteria was clearly enhanced when cultivated together withChlorella sp. 6. The enhancement takes place immediately with actively growingChlorella cultures. Apparently these algae secrete organic substances into the culture medium during their exponential phase of growth, which are utilized by the red bacteria. It is likely that a similar process occurs in the Schlei. The rapid increase in red bacteria has been shown to take place parallel to the development of theChlorella water bloom in the spring. The proportion of pigmented bacteria decreases in the late summer with the breakdown of theChlorella bloom, and a new bacterial population becomes dominant. 7. Other experiments withChlorella sp. showed thatEscherichia coli is strongly inhibited by the presence of these algae. The inhibition takes place only afterChlorella has reached the end of the exponential phase of growth, however. The inhibitory substances are probably autolysis or degradation products which accumulate in the culture medium during the stationary phase of algal growth. 8. None of the bacteria tested had any influence on the growth rate ofChlorella sp., nor were the algae cells colonized by bacteria at any time. 9. With the development of theMicrocystis bloom in late summer, white or colorless bacteria are more frequently found in the waters of the Schlei. At the same time, there is generally a decrease in the saprophyte counts including pigmented bacteria. 10. Two strains of white bacteria commonly associated withMicrocystis were able to suppress the growth of many other bacteria on agar plates, especially red, yellow and brown pigmented species. 11. Sterile filtrates prepared from the culture solutions of the white bacteria had no effect on the strains tested, however. The suppression on agar plates is therefore more likely due to competition for nutrients. There is no evidence that antibiotic substances are involved. 12. Filtrates prepared from non-axenic cultures ofMicrocystis aeruginosa during the exponential as well as stationary phase of growth also did not inhibit the growth of the bacteria tested. 13. The decrease in the numbers of saprophytic bacteria in the Schlei during the summer may be due in part to the presence of the large white colonies on agar plates which prevent other bacteria from developing. These white bacteria are apparently associated withMicrocystis water blooms; possibly a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship exists between these microorganisms.

Kurzfassung Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Algenblüten und Bakterien wurden in der Schlei, einer Förde der westlichen Ostsee, untersucht. Die Wasserblüten, im Frühjahr vonChlorella spec. und im Spätsommer vonMicrocystis aeruginosa gebildet, werden von Änderungen in den Bakterienpopulationen begleitet. Laborversuche wurden durchgeführt mit den hauptblütenbildenden Algenarten und den dominanten Bakterienarten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Wachstum von einigen rotpigmentierten Bakterien(Flavobacterium), die die Wasserblüte vonChlorella begleiten, durch Stoffe, die von den Algen in der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase in das Medium abgegeben werden, gefördert wird.Microcystis aeruginosa wird von mindestens zwei chitinabbauenden Bakterienarten (darunterPseudomonas spec.) begleitet. Die ökologischen Zusammenhänge werden diskutiert.

Electronic Resource

1438-3888

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Biology

Electronic Resource

1438-3888

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Biology

Abstract The influence of three bacteria strains (Helgo 21, NCMB 308 and NCMB 13) on the life cycle ofTisbe holothuriae Humes 1957 was investigated under constant experimental conditions (19–20°C and 38‰ S). For each of the first six experiments, females (F1), whose life history was followed, were obtained from a common mother (F0). Experiment no 7 was carried out with adult females (F2) obtained during exp. 4. Females were bred in 50-ml dishes and transferred to a fresh container as soon as they produced a new egg-sac. Offspring (F2: exp. 1–6; F3: exp. 7) from successive egg-layings were counted as soon as they moulted into adults. Larval mortality was estimated by enumeration of the adults issuing from a known number of nauplii that had been fed different bacteria strains. Some difficulties arose in obtaining adults with NCMB 13: it appeared to be necessary to provide this first generation with a small quantity of TetraMin (commercial fish food) in order to initiate reproduction and obtain a second generation. However, in exp. 4, F2 adult females fed NCMB 13 became ovigerous and fertile without needing TetraMin. This result is interpreted as denoting an indispensable period of adaptation to the diet, which probably requires important changes at the enzymatic level. One experiment was carried out with Helgo 21; another one with NCMB 308; two with NCMB 13 (with a unique additional meal of TetraMin to allow reproduction), two with NCMB 13 during larval development, then only tetraMin during adult stage, and one with NCMB 13 alone (with females issued from exp. 4). Data obtained regarding longevity, duration of reproduction period, number of egg-sacs and number of adult descendants show an important variability between bacteria strains. Lower results were almost always obtained with Helgo 21 and NCMB 308. An interesting result lies in the maximum number of egg-sacs: low with Helgo 21 and NCMB 308 (5), but very ample with NCMB 13 (11 in one experiment). In experiment 7, carried out with animals bearing a large coefficient of inbreeding (0.375), the results concerning the maximum number of egg-sacs are good (10) as are the mean number of descendants per female (294: the highest number of the seven experiments). These results indicate that genetic factors involved in the reduction of descendants in ageing laboratory cultures can be suppressed to a certain extent by nutritional factors. The poor results obtained with Helgo 21 and NCMB 308 alone must be considered with caution: after a period of adaptation with an alimentary complement, these strains could perhaps permit an interesting production of copepods.

Electronic Resource

1438-3888

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Biology

Abstract The microbial degradation of North Sea macroalgae was studied in laboratory microcosms, containing autoclaved seawater and a mixture of equal parts of air-driedDelesseria sanguinea, Ulva lactuca, andLaminaria saccharina (red, green and brown algae, respectively). To determine the influence of different organisms on the decomposition rate (expressed in terms of algal dry weight loss relative to the material present at time zero) and their development during decomposition processes, yeast, flagellates, ciliates, nematodes and a harpacticoid copepod species were introduced to the microcosms. Results show that microbial degradation compared to the controls was enhanced in the presence of non-axenic nematodes (Monhystera sp.) and protozoans, including bacterivorous ciliates (Euplotes sp. and aUronema-like sp.) and flagellates. No enhancement occurred with yeast (Debaryomyces hansenii) or with the harpacticoid copepodTisbe holothuriae. The most rapid algal dry weight loss (78.7% after 14 d at 18°C) occurred with the addition of raw seawater sampled near benthic algal vegetation and containing only the natural microorganisms present. These consisted mainly of bacteria with different morphological properties, whereby their numbers alone (viable counts) could not be correlated with algal dry weight loss. Although no single dominant species could be determined, lemon yellow pigmented colonies were frequently found. During decomposition in all microcosms the formation of algal particles 40–400 μm was observed, which were rapidly colonized by the other organisms present.

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource

1437-1596

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Law

Electronic Resource