Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:M. J. Jarvis)

2014-07-06

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

1360-0443

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Psychology

This study aimed to examine the relationship between rates of smoking cessation in adults and whether or not they have dependent children at home. Previous work has suggested that among women, particularly poor women, caring for young children might work against giving up smoking, while the relationship between having children and giving up smoking in men is largely unexplored. The analysis employed data from 3 years (1988, 1990 and 1992) of the General Household Survey, and assessed rates of self-reported smoking cessation among adult ever-smokers of cigarettes aged 16–49 years. After adjustment for a wide range of potential confounding variables, adults with dependent children were more likely to have given up smoking than those without. Among women there was a linear increase in the odds of cessation with each additional child. Using the combined data from the 3 years, and by comparison with those with no children, the adjusted odds of cessation were 1.42 (95% CI 1.21–1.67) in women with one dependent child, 1.77 (1.50–2.09) in those with two and 2.19 (1.74–2.74) in those with three or more. The effect was marginally present in men, with an increase in the odds of cessation of about 25% in those with two or more dependent children. (Estimated odds from the combined data 1.30 (1.09–1.50) for men with two dependent children and 1.23 (0.97–1.51) for those with three or more.) The association of increased rates of smoking cessation with number of dependent children did not vary with level of deprivation. It is concluded that having children is associated with smoking cessation in parents, whether poor or affluent. Health education campaigns targeted at families with children could aim to amplify this effect.

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] We assessed cross-modal transfer in three male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) weighing 16-20 kg, using procedures which have been described in earlier reports on monkeys7"9. The sequence of training is shown in Table 1. After preliminary adaptation to making two-choice simultaneous ...

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] The AÏS2 uses radio waves in the frequency range 0.1-30 MHz for remote sounding of the ionosphere. It provides a complete vector description of the ionospheric echoes obtained from each transmitted pulse, giving considerable advantage over the ionosonde. This, together with powerful online ...

Electronic Resource

1432-2072

Nicotine ; Low yield cigarettes ; Withdrawal effects

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract Twenty-six smokers took part in a study which examined subjective and physiological effects of switching to an ultra-low yielding cigarette (0.1 mg nicotine) for 10 days. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group continued smoking their usual brand while the other group switched to the low yielding cigarette. Subjective ratings and physiological measures were taken at baseline, then after 1, 3 and 10 days in the respective conditions. Plasma nicotine concentrations dropped by some 60% after switching. Although substantial, this drop was considerably less than the drop in nominal yield of the cigarettes (around 90%), indicating marked compensation on the part of these smokers. Switching to the low yielding cigarette was accompanied by a significant increase in hunger and a drop in heart rate. These effects typically occur following cigarette withdrawal. However, other common cigarette withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, depression, and inability to concentrate, were not detected.

Electronic Resource

1432-2072

Urinary adrenaline ; Cigarette withdrawal

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract Urinary adrenaline concentrations were measured in 17 subjects during 10 days of cigarette abstinence. Adrenaline concentrations dropped significantly in the first 3 days of cigarette withdrawal. This was followed by a significant rise. More subjects showed a U-shaped function of adrenaline over time than would be expected by chance. The evidence suggests that the drop in urinary adrenaline concentration following cigarette withdrawal does not merely constitute a return to a non-smoking state, but includes an element of rebound resulting from loss of a component of smoking, probably nicotine, to which adaptation has occurred.

Electronic Resource

1432-2072

Tobacco use ; Nicotine ; Addiction

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract Despite the wide-ranging and authoritative 1988 review by the US Surgeon General, views questioning the addictiveness of nicotine contine to be expressed in some quarters. This lack of complete consensus is not unexpected, since no universally agreed scientific definition of addiction exists. In this paper we briefly consider a number of lines of evidence from both the human and animal literature bearing on the addictiveness of nicotine. Patterns of use by smokers and the remarkable intractability of the smoking habit point to compulsive use as the norm. Studies in both animal and human subjects have shown that nicotine can function as reinforcer, albeit under a more limited range of conditions than with some other drugs of abuse. In drug discrimination paradigms there is some cross-generalisation between nicotine on the one hand, and amphetamine and cocaine on the other. A well-defined nicotine withdrawal syndrome has been delineated which is alleviated by nicotine replacement. Nicotine replacement also enhances outcomes in smoking cessation, roughly doubling success rates. In total, the evidence clearly identifies nicotine as a powerful drug of addiction, comparable to heroin, cocaine and alcohol.

Electronic Resource

1432-2072

Electroencephalographic Evoked Response ; Auditory Reaction Time ; Nitrous Oxide

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract Reaction times and evoked electroencephalographic responses to tone stimuli were measured using a LINC-8 computer on-line. The effects on these measures of inhaling 10, 20 and 30% nitrous oxide in oxygen were compared with those of pure oxygen in twelve normal subjects. Each subject gave 50 responses under each drug condition. Nitrous oxide prolonged reaction time and diminished all components of the evoked responses in a regular dose-related manner. The form of the evoked response was also related to speed of reaction time. These findings are briefly discussed in terms of processes of attention and arousal.

Electronic Resource

1572-9672

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Physics

Abstract Satellite Experiments Simultaneous with Antarctic Measurements (SESAME) is one of the four ground-based programmes within the NASA/ISAS Global Geospace Science (GGS) mission, itself part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) programme. The scientific objectives of SESAME are carefully selected to make an invaluable contribution to the GGS mission by capitalising on the unique geophysical advantages of Antarctica for geospace research. These arise mainly from the large displacement of the geographic and geomagnetic poles. Specifically, SESAME is designed to study the ionospheric effects of merging at the magnetopause, reconnection in the geomagnetic tail and its relationship to substorms, mapping of significant geospace boundaries to ionospheric altitudes, plasma wave generation and propagation at high latitudes, and ionosphere-thermosphere interactions. The experimental programme is centred at Halley (76° S, 27° W) but also utilises automatic geophysical observatories located poleward of Halley. The suite of instruments provides an excellent image of the inner boundary of geospace and thus is complementary to the GGS spacecraft measurements. The data products that will be supplied askey parameters to the GGS experimenters on a routine basis are described. A brief review of previous results is presented, and some of the significant scientific questions to be addressed using the combination of ground-based and space-based observations are discussed.

Electronic Resource

1573-3521

smoking ; adolescence ; age ; carbon monoxide

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Psychology

Abstract Expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured in 125 pupils aged 11–17 years attending a girls' comprehensive school in the South of England who had smoked at least one cigarette on the day of testing. Both number of cigarettes smoked on the day of testing and time since the last cigarette were independently related to CO concentrations. Although there was a positive correlation between age and CO, this disappeared when number of cigarettes smoked on the day of testing and time since the last cigarette were taken into account. Previous reports of increasing CO concentrations with age taking account of cigarette consumption may be due to the use of usual daily cigarette consumption rather than number on the day of testing, which is more relevant given the short half-life of CO in the blood. In this sample, no evidence was found for an increase in smoke inhalation with increasing age.

Electronic Resource