Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:Levinger)

2018-07-27

This essay analyzes President Barack Obama's communication strategies in his speeches and presidential statements concerning threats of mass atrocities in Libya, Syria, and Iraq from 2011 through 2015. It examines how he has used three rhetorical "frames" to explain events in these countries and to advocate specific U.S. policy responses: the "legalistic" (or "liberal internationalist"), the "moralistic," and the "security" frame. Obama utilized primarily the legalistic frame to justify U.S. military intervention in Libya in 2011, and he relied mainly on the security frame (focusing on terrorist threats against U.S. nationals) to justify the deployment of U.S. military forces against ISIL in Iraq and Syria in 2014-2015. Obama's rhetorical framing of the violence perpetrated by the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad since 2011 has been less consistent. Hardly ever in these speeches did Obama suggest that mass atrocities per se constituted a threat to U.S. national security - despite the declaration in Obama's 2011 Presidential Study Directive on Mass Atrocities that "preventing mass atrocities and genocide is a core national security interest" of the United States. Utilizing an approach to linguistic analysis developed by Roman Jakobson, the paper shows how Obama has employed rhetorical devices that emphasize the boundaries between the "in-group" of the American national community and the "outgroups" in other countries who are threatened by mass atrocities. Because members of an in-group are typically depicted as warranting greater concern than members of out-groups, Obama's assignment of victimized communities to out-group status has effectively justified inaction by the U.S. government in the face of genocidal violence. (author's abstract)

Politikwissenschaft ; Internationale Beziehungen ; Political science ; International relations ; politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ; Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ; internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ; Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ; Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ; International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ; Libyen ; Irak ; Syrien ; USA ; Obama, B. ; Völkermord ; Massaker ; Bürgerkrieg ; militärischer Konflikt ; Außenpolitik ; Sicherheitspolitik ; nationale Identität ; nationale Sicherheit ; Interessenpolitik ; militärische Intervention ; humanitäre Intervention ; politische Intervention ; Diskursanalyse ; Libya ; Iraq ; Syria ; United States of America ; genocide ; massacre ; civil war ; military conflict ; foreign policy ; security policy ; national identity ; national security ; pressure-group politics ; military intervention ; humanitarian intervention ; political intervention ; discourse analysis

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

2018-07-27

This thematic issue addresses how strategic narratives affect international order. Strategic narratives are conceived of as stories with a political purpose or narratives used by political actors to affect the behavior of others. The articles in this issue address two significant areas important to the study of international relations: how strategic narratives support or undermine alliances, and how they affect norm formation and contestation. Within a post-Cold War world and in the midst of a changing media environment, strategic narratives affect how the world and its complex issues are understood. This special issue speaks to the difficulties associated with creating creative and committed international cooperation by noting how strategic narratives are working to shape the Post-Cold War international context.

Internationale Beziehungen ; International relations ; BRICS; narratives; R2P ; internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ; International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ; internationales System ; Weltordnung ; internationale Beziehungen ; internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Interessenpolitik ; Großmacht ; Intervention ; Völkermord ; internationale Politik ; Russland ; 21. Jahrhundert ; international system ; world order ; international relations ; international cooperation ; pressure-group politics ; great power ; intervention ; genocide ; international politics ; Russia ; twenty-first century

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

book

1989

Schulverpflegung ; Schüler ; Schülerleistung ; Ernährung ; Entwicklungsland ; Leistung

facet.language.eng, facet.language.fre

Literaturangaben 20, Tabellen

2018-10-06

American Chemical Society (ACS)

1520-5207

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Physics

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

The inverted regime photoinduced electron transfer kinetics of betaine-30 have been investigated over a broad temperature range, revealing very little temperature dependence. For example, for betaine-30 in a polystyrene film, the electron transfer rate constant, kET, changes by less than a factor of 3 from T=293 K to T=34 K. The results are in striking contrast to predictions of contemporary electron transfer theories which employ classical nuclear modes to accept some or all of the energy of the electron transfer event. The comparison of theory and experiment for the betaines demonstrates that a full quantum mechanical theory is necessary to accurately describe the electron transfer kinetics of the betaines in environments with slow dielectric relaxation. The conclusions drawn for the betaines may also apply to other molecular examples of inverted regime electron transfer in slowly relaxing environments.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

We present picosecond time-resolved pump-probe measurements of the photodissociation and recombination dynamics of I−2 surrounded by a specific number of CO2 molecules in mass selected I−2 (CO2)n clusters. The transient bleaching data can be fit to an exponential absorption recovery of 30±10 ps in I−2 (CO2)9 clusters and 10±5 ps in I−2 (CO2)16 clusters. The data demonstrate the feasibility of measurements of real-time reaction dynamics in microsolvent environments.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

We have measured the photoabsorption spectra of mass selected Ar+n clusters, n=3–40, from 355–1064 nm. The smaller clusters, n〈15, display a visible photoabsorption spectrum similar to Ar+3, i.e., a broad, intense band peaking near 520 nm. From n=15–20 this photoabsorption band shifts smoothly to a longer wavelength, peaking near 600 nm for Ar+20. This band does not change appreciably as n increases from 20 to 40. These results clearly demonstrate that the Ar+n clusters have photophysical properties quite different from those of Ar+2. We have also studied the photoabsorption and subsequent photofragmentation of Ar+n cluster ions, n=3–60, at selected visible wavelengths. The ionic photofragment distributions both indicate that photofragmentation proceeds through the loss of individual Ar atoms and place an upper bound of 90 meV on the cluster ion binding energy in the large cluster limit.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

The photodissociation cross section of Ar+3 was measured at a number of wavelengths between 1064 and 320 nm. A single broad and featureless band was observed peaking near 520 nm with a width of (approximate)2600 cm−1 and a peak cross section of (approximate)10−16 cm2. Consideration of the electronic structure of Ar+3 indicates that the measured spectrum is equivalent to the photoabsorption spectrum. Two ionic products, Ar+ and Ar+2, were observed in the photodissociation of Ar+3, indicative of at least two exit pathways and suggestive of two electronic transitions.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

New experimental results and theoretical calculations are reported for the optical electron transfer (ET) and subsequent reverse radiationless ET for the molecules (NH3)5RuIIINCRuII(CN)−5 and (NH3)5FeIIINCRuII(CN)−5. A procedure is presented for extracting many of the key parameters in ET theory from a combined analysis of resonance Raman data and the optical absorption ET band shape. Using these parameters, ET rates have been calculated using contemporary ET models. The experimental and theoretical rates agree within the uncertainty of the theoretical predictions, which results from an uncertainty in some of the parameters. The results demonstrate that inertial solute/solvent interactions and intramolecular sources of fast energy fluctuations play an important role in ultrafast ET kinetics for these compounds.

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

We have used a white light continuum generated with ultrashort laser pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser system as the radiation source for second-harmonic generation measurements. The white light continuum provides easily tuned radiation for experiments requiring a range of wavelengths. Despite the small coherence length of the radiation, parametric processes, such as second-harmonic generation, are possible with this source. In particular, surface second-harmonic generation using the white light continuum is reasonable because the extent of the interface is much smaller than the coherence length of the radiation. We demonstrate second-harmonic generation from a gold surface and show that surface second-harmonic generation using the white light continuum can be used to measure absorption spectroscopy of molecules adsorbed to surfaces via resonance enhancement of the surface second-harmonic signals. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1469-8986

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Psychology

This study investigated (a) the covariation between skin conductance and skin potential levels and (b) the correspondence between the negative component of the skin potential response (SPR) and concurrent skin conductance response deflections (SCR) during periods of rest and activity. The study was restricted to the protocols of 10 female Ss who manifested predominantly the negative component of the SPR during both periods. During rest periods, the results showed a positive correspondence between conductance and potential levels, and between the negative component of the SPR waves and concurrent SCR deflections. However, under conditions of active motor performance, the correspondence of levels was near zero and much lower between the negative and concurrent SCR deflections. It is suggested that an epidermal factor may be exerting its effects differentially during periods of passivity and activity.

Electronic Resource

1545-5300

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Psychology

Electronic Resource

1089-7658

AIP Digital Archive

Mathematics

Physics

Two lemmas are proved for local noncentral forces in multidimensional space. First, the lowest partial wave for the ground state is nodeless. Second, the lowest partial wave for the first excited state has at least one node. Ballot–Fabre de la Ripelle perturbation theory is also used to show that higher partial waves for the ground state have nodes near the positions of nodes (if any) in the corresponding element of the matrix element of the noncentral potential.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Photofragmentation studies of mass selected Br−2⋅(CO2)n, n≤24, cluster ions are presented. The heterogeneous cluster ions are synthesized in a supersonic expansion crossed with an electron beam. These ionic clusters are mass analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer prior to photodissociation of the Br−2 absorber in the cluster. Mass analysis of the ionic photofragments shows that in some cases the photodissociated Br−2 has recombined and in other cases a Br atom has escaped from the cluster. The branching ratio for recombination depends on both the size of the initial cluster ion and the photodissociation wavelength. The photofragmentation data are consistent with a recombination mechanism dominated by attractive forces in the smaller clusters and repulsive interactions in the larger clusters.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Polar solvation dynamics of water sequestered inside Aerosol OT (AOT) reverse micelles have been investigated as a function of the surfactant countercation, specifically replacing Na+ for K+ and Ca2+. For Ca-AOT reverse micelles, the solvation dynamics for the smallest micelles probed occurs on a subnanosecond time scale. The K-AOT reverse micelles display an additional ultrafast component that is attributable to bulklike water motion. As previously reported for Na-AOT reverse micelles [Riter, Willard, and Levinger, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 2705 (1998)], solvent mobility increases with increasing micellar size for both Ca-AOT and K-AOT reverse micelles. The solvation dynamics in strongly ionic aqueous solutions of Ca2+ and K+ have also been investigated. The 10 M electrolyte solutions display water motion on significantly shorter time scales with substantial ultrafast components. These results show that the micellar interfacial structure plays a significant role in immobilizing intramicellar water and that solvent immobilization in the reverse micelles is not merely a result of solvent–ion interactions. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Vibrational relaxation of methanol-d (MeOD) in carbon tetrachloride has been investigated via ultrafast infrared pump–probe experiments. Exciting at 2690 cm−1, only the free O-D (where the D is not H-bonded) stretching mode is initially populated. For MeOD mole fractions ≤0.025, a 2.15 ps single exponential decay is observed. At mole fractions ≥0.0375, the signal decays (2.15 ps decay time) below zero (increased absorption) and then recovers on time scales of 22 ps and (very-much-greater-than)300 ps. The increased absorption indicates the formation of additional free ODs caused by the breaking of H-bonds that are not directly coupled to the initially excited vibration. The two-time scale recovery of this signal arises from geminate and nongeminate recombination. The data are fit with a set of kinetic equations that accurately reproduce the data. The results suggest that vibrational relaxation of the initially excited free OD stretch into intramolecular modes of the methanol leads to H-bond breaking. This contrasts studies that suggest direct relaxation of a vibrationally excited OH stretch into an H-bond stretch is responsible for H-bond breaking. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

We use the following approximation to the potential between two 4He atoms—V(r)=4420 exp(−r2/1.69)−1302 exp(−r2/2.44) (V in K, r in A(ring)). We use the hyperspherical harmonics expansion, with Fabre's optimal subset, to solve for the ground state of the 4He tetramer. The Schrödinger equation is transformed into an infinite set of second order coupled differential equations (CDE), which we truncate to M equations. We test our program for solving CDE in two appendices. We find that the energy for our model is less than −4.3 K.

Electronic Resource

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

While dynamics of polar solvation have been tabulated for a wide range of pure polar solvents, substantially less is known about the dynamic response of solvent mixtures. Here, results for polar solvation dynamics are presented for the nonassociating mixture of a dipolar solvent, acetonitrile, and a quadrupolar solvent, benzene. The solvation response observed is sensitive to the mixing of the pure solvents, affecting both the inertial and diffusive components of the solvation response function. Addition of acetonitrile to benzene increases the amplitude of the inertial response. At high benzene mole fractions, the diffusive relaxation reveals a slow component attributed to translational diffusion of the acetonitrile. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

0022-0094

History

Political Science