Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:Janz)

2018-07-27

"Strukturen und Praktiken, die zu Diskriminierung aufgrund askriptiver Merkmale führen, stehen in einem Widerspruch zum menschenrechtlich fundamentalen Diskriminierungsverbot und sie konterkarieren den Anspruch auf eine meritokratische Zuweisung sozialer Positionen unter Bedingungen der Chancengleichheit. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage einer Betriebsbefragung aufgezeigt, dass dieser Anspruch im Bereich der beruflichen Bildung nicht eingelöst wird, sondern eine Diskriminierung migrantischer Jugendlicher nachweisbar ist, die über die Folgeeffekte schulischer Benachteiligung hinausreicht. Davon betroffen sind insbesondere Muslime und Muslima, deren Diskriminierung in einem erheblichen Umfang offen deklariert und als sozial zulässig wahrgenommen wird. Gezeigt wird weiter, dass Diskriminierung bei der Lehrstellenvergabe auch als Ergebnis von Ausschlussprozessen verstanden werden kann, deren Grundlage die Wahrnehmung migrantischer Jugendlicher als problematische Fremde ist." (Autorenreferat)

"Social structures and practices that entail discrimination based on ascribed attributes violate the prohibition of discrimination, a proclaimed human right fundamental for modern societies, and thwart the postulated meritocratic attainment of social positions based on equal opportunities. This article documents the results of a survey of firms with regard to their criteria for vocational training candidate selection which show that meritocratic principles are not being upheld within the scope of vocational training. Rather, they provide evidence for the discrimination of juveniles with a so called 'migration Background' that reaches beyond the effects of discrimination during years of school education. In particular, this is apparent for Muslims whose discrimination is frequently openly admitted and considered to be socially acceptable. Furthermore this article argues that discrimination related to the offering of apprenticeships can be understood as resulting of derived processes whose basis is the perception of immigrants as being problematic strangers." (author's abstract)

Wirtschaft ; Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ; Economics ; Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ; Migration, Sociology of Migration ; Occupational Research, Occupational Sociology ; Berufsforschung, Berufssoziologie ; Migration ; Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Bereitschaft ; Diskriminierung ; Betrieb ; berufliche Sozialisation ; berufliches Selbstverständnis ; Berufsanforderungen ; Berufsbild ; Berufsbildung ; Benachteiligtenförderung ; Benachteiligung ; Muslim ; ethnischer Konflikt ; Migrant ; Federal Republic of Germany ; disposition ; discrimination ; firm ; occupational socialization ; occupational identification ; occupational requirements ; occupational image ; vocational education ; promotion of disadvantaged persons ; deprivation ; ethnic conflict ; migrant ; anwendungsorientiert ; deskriptive Studie ; empirisch ; empirisch-quantitativ ; applied research ; descriptive study ; empirical ; quantitative empirical

Zeitschriftenartikel, journal article

1089-7690

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Chemistry and Pharmacology

The interaction of oxygen with the Cu(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) has been studied in the temperature range 400〈T〈800 K using second-harmonic generation (SHG) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). When the clean surface is exposed to oxygen at pressures between 5×10−8 and 10−5 Torr and for T〈500 K, the SHG intensity decreases monotonically with exposure by more than one order of magnitude to a value which has no measurable temperature dependence. For T(approximately-greater-than)500 K, the SHG intensity passes through a minimum before achieving this constant value. The observation of this minimum is interpreted in terms of an outward relaxation of the Cu(111) surface as oxygen penetrates the subsurface region. When UHV conditions are restored for T(approximately-greater-than)600 K, the SHG intensity reverses its temporal dependence. These observations are consistent with initial incorporation of atomic oxygen into the subsurface region at a rate which is dependent on surface temperature and oxygen pressure and subsequent backdiffusion in UHV, driven by the oxygen concentration gradient near the surface. From experiments performed at different oxygen pressures and sample temperatures we establish rate constants for oxygen incorporation and surface outward relaxation as a function of temperature. The kinetics of oxygen incorporation determined from changes in the SHG intensity are compared with those derived elsewhere from ellipsometry studies. Differences yielded by the two experimental techniques are related to differences in monitored depths. Complementary XPS experiments suggest that sites occupied by the subsurface oxygen are characterized by tetrahedral symmetry.

Electronic Resource

1525-1446

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract The number of adolescent females between the ages of 13 and 19 who are contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is rising at an alarming rate. Although the issue of STDs has been overshadowed by continued public debate over adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, it demands attention. Particularly concerning is the fact that STDs increase the likelihood of transmitting HIV (N.E. MacDonald et al., 1990). To offset the growing incidences of STDs among female adolescents, gender-specific interventions are needed. Following is a description of the theoretical underpinnings that informed and guided the development of a gender-specific intervention titled Girl Talk. A two-stage creation and review process was used to design this 2.5-hr, four-session intervention. An overview of the quasi-experimental design that compared a nonequivalent comparison and two intervention groups (peer led and adult led) is presented. Baseline characteristics of the three groups are reported. Also described is how participant feedback and a design content analysis are used to evaluate the appropriateness of the intervention for adolescent females.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

The transient reflectivity response of GaAs with a 2% excess As concentration (GaAs:As), prepared by As+ ion implantation, has been measured at photon energies near the band gap. Results are compared with similar measurements on implanted GaAs with a 0.01% excess As concentration, and unimplanted GaAs. For GaAs:As, the transient refractive index change Δn, is larger than, but of the opposite sign to that of unimplanted GaAs. The measured carrier lifetime of 1±0.1 ps is identical to that of low-temperature GaAs. The wavelength dependence of Δn indicates the presence of an induced absorption peak at photon energies near the band gap, which is attributed to band-gap renormalization. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1468-2389

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Economics

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

The vertical-viewing electron cyclotron emission diagnostic on DIII-D will be used to assess the nonthermal electron distributions resulting from electron cyclotron heating and electron cyclotron current drive experiments. Electron cyclotron emission along a vertical chord is collected using an ellipsoidal focusing mirror and retroreflector (the latter to minimize wall reflections). The emission is then transported ∼20 m using a quasioptical transport system composed of eight lenses and three mirrors, and detected between the 2nd and the 10th harmonics by a fast-scanning (40-Hz) Michelson interferometer. The entire system has been aligned using a Gaussian beam simulator and absolutely calibrated in situ using a cold liquid-nitrogen bath. Details of the design, installation, and calibration will be discussed.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We report on the observation of a significant enhancement of second harmonic generation (SHG) in reflection mode using multiple GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs asymmetric quantum wells (AQWs). The growth sequence and spacing of these AQWs were carefully designed for quasi-phase-matching of SHG using 1.06 μm fundamental wavelength pumping. The maximum SHG measured from this AQW sample is approximately twice that of an undoped semi-insulating GaAs reference sample. This represents a 2.6 times enhancement after allowing for the cap layer absorption of the SH signal from AQWs. The SH susceptibility of a single AQW is then estimated as ||χ(2)24,QW||=1.3×10−11 m/V and ||χ(2)32,QW||=1.1×10−11 m/V, which are in excellent agreement with results of our theoretical modeling. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

The optical second-harmonic (SH) response of GaAs and Al0.6Ga0.4As bombarded with 1.2-MeV energy As+ ions has been measured for doses ranging from 5×1012 to 2×1014 ions cm−2. The measured SH response vanishes at an ion dose of 2×1014 ions cm−2 as a result of ion induced amorphization. Thermal annealing at 600 °C greatly reduced the damage induced optical absorption, for λ=1.06 μm light, but had no effect on the SH susceptibility.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

A multilayered core nonlinear antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (NARROW) was used to generate surface emitted frequency doubled light. High efficiencies were obtained with the NARROW while simultaneously keeping optimum antiresonant conditions at the fundamental wavelength.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We report the first surface emission of red light from an InGaAs waveguide, generated by the nonlinear mixing of two counterpropagating guided waves at wavelengths around 1.3 μm. A nine layer InGaAsP/InP heterostructure was grown by low pressure MOCVD on 〈100〉 InP substrate. All layers were n-doped with silicon to a level of 1.0×1017 cm−3. The structures functioned in both planar as well as ridge waveguide configurations. Measurements were performed with both a YAG laser and a semiconductor laser in the pulsed as well as the cw regime and were compared with theoretical calculations, used in the design of the structure. Red light was detected even in a single slab InGaAsP waveguide with a cw semiconductor laser diode.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

The change in the second-order nonlinear susceptibility of an asymmetric quantum well (AQW) superlattice induced by ion beam-enhanced intermixing has been measured. The surface-emitted second-harmonic intensities radiated from implanted and masked areas of an AQW waveguide were measured and compared for incident wavelengths between λ=1480 and 1600 nm. Intermixing resulted in a 60 meV blueshift of the AQW band edge and a uniform suppression of the AQW second-order susceptibility, while the masked AQWs were unchanged. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We experimentally demonstrate surface-emitting second harmonic generation in a waveguide containing asymmetric coupled GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. The nonlinear conversion efficiency is enhanced by reversing the asymmetric well orientation every coherence length, in order to quasiphase match the vertical second harmonic generation process. The measured spectrum of the asymmetric quantum well susceptibility is dominated by an excitonic peak at a pump frequency corresponding to half of the first electron-heavy hole transition energy. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Si0.5Ge0.5/Si multiquantum well structures are grown using a production-compatible ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition system. The structures are designed in order to obtain dislocation-free undulating strained layers. A photoluminescence emission corresponding to the direct "no phonon" transition is measured at energies systematically smaller than calculated for planar layers, implying that any increase in band gap due to elastic relaxation of the lattice strain at the undulation crests is compensated for by a confinement energy decrease together with a Ge accumulation at the undulation crests. The photoluminescence "no phonon" emission peaks at a wavelength that increases with nominal well thickness up to 1.55 μm. This opens the possibility of using dislocation-free silicon–germanium undulating layers as an absorber for photodetector applications at the telecommunication wavelengths of λ=1.3–1.55 μm. © 1998 American Institute of Physics

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

The nonlinear optical response of an asymmetric λ/4-shifted distributed-feedback GaAs/AlAs heterostructure is investigated using numerical methods, and also demonstrated experimentally. This structure exhibited both optical switching and bistability at incident wavelengths near λ=884 nm. The observed bistability threshold of less than 1 kW cm−2 is more than an order of magnitude smaller than that of any previously measured distributed-feedback heterostructures. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electronic Resource

1744-6570

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Psychology

This study investigated how autonomy, interdependence, and team development, along with process and contextual support variables, were related to the effectiveness of teams of “knowledge workers.” The sample included 231 knowledge workers from 27 work teams. Team members completed surveys measuring the design, process, and contextual factors. Effectiveness measures included multiple key stakeholder evaluations of team performance and self-report measures of attitudinal outcomes. The results suggest that interactions among design, process, and contextual support factors have important implications for team effectiveness. In particular, the positive relationship between team autonomy and team job motivation was reduced as teams worked under more interdependent conditions. This interaction effect also varied across the types of autonomy (e.g., planning-related, product-related, and people-related) the team was given. Results also demonstrated that the relationship between job motivation and team process behaviors (helping, sharing, and innovating) was more positive in teams who were developmental mature. Process behaviors were positively related to effectiveness, but those relationships became more positive in the presence of certain contextual factors (high-quality goals and efficient information transmission), and less positive in the presence of others (feedback and time pressure). Future research needs and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Electronic Resource

1749-6632

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Natural Sciences in General

Electronic Resource

1749-6632

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Natural Sciences in General

Electronic Resource

1540-5915

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Economics

Within the context of knowledge management, little research has been conducted that identifies the antecedents of a knowledge-centered culture—those organizational qualities that encourage knowledge creation and dissemination. In this study, the existing literature on organizational climate, job characteristics, and organizational learning (in the form of cooperative learning theory) are linked with the current thinking and research findings related to knowledge management to develop a theoretical model explaining the relationships among organizational climate, the level of cooperative learning that takes place between knowledge workers, and the resulting level of knowledge created and disseminated as measured by team performance and individual satisfaction levels. The study goes on to empirically test the proposed research model by investigating the climate of organizations, and seeks to understand the linkage between a set of organizational and individual characteristics and knowledge-related activities found in cooperative learning groups and the resulting work outcomes. The hypothesized research model is tested using LISREL with data collected from 203 information systems (IS) professionals engaged in systems development activities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications the results have for future research and managerial practice.

Electronic Resource

1095-8649

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Biology

The investigation established and validated methods to measure multiple biochemical indices of condition (whole body total lipids, whole body triglycerides, muscle RNA : DNA ratio and muscle protein) simultaneously in the same individual juvenile fish. It also provided examples of their application using a species comparison (salmonids and cyprinids) of the degree of change in these indices after food deprivation. The results showed that juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were much more susceptible to a decline in all biochemical indices of condition than juvenile fathead minnows Pimephales promelas upon food deprivation. The combination of these techniques can be used to accurately assess condition and growth potential of individuals from wild fish populations.

Electronic Resource