Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:J. Irwin)

2018-01-06

Wiley-Blackwell

0148-0227

Geosciences

Physics

2015-11-13

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2015-10-23

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2016-04-21

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2013-01-04

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2015-10-23

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2011-07-02

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2018-06-08

American Physical Society (APS)

1539-3755

1550-2376

Physics

Plasma Physics

2018-12-04

Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP)

1748-0221

Physics

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: Immobilization (IMO) stress elevates plasma catecholamines and increases tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression in rat adrenals. This study examined the mechanism(s) of IMO-induced changes in adrenal TH mRNA levels. Innervation of the adrenal medulla is predominantly cholinergic and splanchnicotomy as well as nicotinic receptor antagonists prevent the cold-induced rise in TH mRNA levels. In this study, the IMO-induced rise in plasma catecholamines, but not TH mRNA levels, was reduced by the antagonist chlorisondamine. Muscarinic antagonist atropine also did not prevent the IMO stress-elicited rise in TH mRNA. Furthermore, denervation of the adrenals by unilateral splanchnicotomy did not block the IMO-induced rise in TH mRNA but completely prevented the induction of neuropeptide Y mRNA. These results suggest that (1) the large increase in adrenal TH gene expression elicited by a single IMO stress is not regulated via cholinergic receptors or splanchnic innervation, and (2) there is a dissociation between regulatory mechanisms of catecholamine secretion and elevation of TH gene expression in the adrenal medulla of rats during IMO stress.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: Repeated immobilization stress elicits a large elevation in adrenal dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) mRNA levels. This study attempts to analyze the molecular mechanism of increased DBH gene expression in stress. Adrenomedullary nuclear proteins were prepared from controls and rats exposed to various intervals of immobilization stress. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that repeated stress led to increased binding of adrenomedullary nuclear factors to a cis-acting regulatory element in the rat DBH promoter (DBH-1). One of the partners in the DNA-protein complex is c-Fos or a Fos-related protein. There was a correlation between promoter binding activity and elevated steady-state levels of DBH mRNA. Our data indicate that this cis regulatory element in the rat DBH promoter is functional in vivo, and increased binding of AP1-like transcription factors to this motif is induced by immobilization stress.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: The effects of a single and of repeated immobilization stress on the expression of the final enzyme involved in epinephrine biosynthesis, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), are described. A single immobilization (whether lasting 5 or 120 min) caused a severalfold increase of the adrenal PNMT mRNA level as measured 2 h after the beginning of the procedure. This elevation was of a transient nature, peaked 3–6 h after the 2-h immobilization, and returned to control values by 12 h after the stress. When the animals were immobilized for 2 h/day for seven consecutive days, an increase in content of PNMT mRNA of a similar magnitude was observed, which persisted for at least 2 days after the seventh immobilization. The immobilization-induced increase was completely abolished in hypophysectomized animals, whereas adrenal denervation failed to prevent it. These data suggest that the immobilization-induced increase in adrenal PNMT mRNA level depends primarily on pituitary-adrenocortical regulation.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: To elucidate the source and physiological significance of plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the immediate product of the rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis, plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was quantified in conscious rats after administration of reserpine, desipramine, clorgyline, or forskolin, treatments that affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was also examined during infusions of norepinephrine with or without clorgyline, reserpine, or desipramine pretreatment. After reserpine, the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level decreased by 22% and then increased by 40%, a result consistent with modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity first by an increased axoplasmic norepinephrine content and then by depletion of norepinephrine stores. After desipramine, the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level decreased by 20%, reflecting the depressant effect of neuronal uptake blockade on norepinephrine turnover. Forskolin increased the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level by 30%, consistent with activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation. Acute administration of clorgyline was without effect on the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level. Norepinephrine infusions decreased the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine concentration, as expected from end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase. Pretreatment with desipramine prevented the norepinephrine-induced decrease in plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine content, indicating that inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase required neuronal uptake of norepinephrine. Both reserpine and clorgyline augmented the norepinephrine-induced decrease in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level, suggesting that retention of norepinephrine in the axoplasm—due to inhibition of norepinephrine sequestration into storage vesicles or catabo-lism—caused further inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase. Changes in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine concentration during norepinephrine infusions were negatively correlated with those in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol level, a finding consistent with modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by axoplasmic norepinephrine. In reserpinized animals, clorgyline and norepinephrine infusion together decreased the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine content by 50%, a result demonstrating that hydroxylation of tyrosine was depressed by at least half. The results indicate that quantification of plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine can provide a simple and direct approach for examination of the rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: In conscious animals, handling and immobilization increase plasma levels of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). This study examined plasma concentrations of endogenous compounds related to catecholamine synthesis and metabolism during and after exposure to these stressors in conscious rats. Plasma levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). NE, EPI, and dopamine (DA), the deaminated catechol metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and their O-methylated derivatives methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at 1,3, 5, 20, 60, and 120 min of immobilization. By 1 min of immobilization, plasma NE and EPI levels had already reached peak values, and plasma levels of DOPA, DHPG, DOPAC, and MHPG were increased significantly from baseline, whereas plasma DA and HVA levels were unchanged. During the remainder of the immobilization period, the increased levels of DOPA, NE, and EPI were maintained, whereas levels of the metabolites progressively increased. In animals immobilized briefly (5 min), elevated concentrations of the metabolites persisted after release from the restraint, whereas DOPA and catecholamine levels returned to baseline. Gentle handling for 1 min also significantly increased plasma levels of DOPA, NE. EPI, and the NE metabolites DHPG and MHPG, without increasing levels of DA or HVA. The results show that in conscious rats, immobilization or even gentle handling rapidly increases plasma levels of catecholamines, the catecholamine precursor DOPA, and metabolites of NE and DA, indicating rapid increases in the synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism of catecholamines.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and clinical parkinsonism in humans and experimental animals. Pretreatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevents this cell death and associated parkinsonism by blocking the oxidation of MPTP to a toxic intermediate. The 2-deoxyglucose method was used to study the acute effects of MPTP in the monkey brain and the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition on local cerebral glucose utilization in both normal and MPTP-treated monkeys. MPTP administration alone caused a major increase in glucose utilization in the SNpc and smaller increases in some subnuclei within the ventral tegmental area in which eventual dopaminergic cell loss also occurs. Pretreatment with pargyline abolished these metabolic increases, a finding suggesting both that the oxidized product of MPTP generates the metabolic increases and that the increased glucose consumption may contribute to cell toxicity. On the other hand, in most cortical, thalamic, striatal, brainstem, and cerebellar areas MPTP alone caused reductions in glucose utilization, and pargyline failed to prevent these effects. Pargyline alone depressed metabolism in the locus coeruleus and a few other monoaminergic structures.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a contaminant found in a synthetic illicit drug, can elicit in humans and monkeys a severe extrapyramidal syndrome similar to Parkinson's disease. It also induces alterations of the dopamine (DA) pathways in rodents. MPTP neurotoxicity requires its enzymatic transformation into 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) by monoamine oxidase followed by its concentration into target cells, the DA neurons. Here, we show that mesencephalic glial cells from the mouse embryo can take up MPTP in vitro, transform it into MPP+, and release it into the culture medium. MPTP is not taken up by neurons from either the mesencephalon or the striatum in vitro (8 days in serum-free conditions). However, mesencephalic neurons in culture revealed a high-affinity uptake mechanism for the metabolite MPP+, similar to that for DA. The affinity (Km) for DA uptake is fivefold higher than that for MPP+ (0.2 and 1.1 μM, respectively), whereas the number of uptake sites for MPP+is double (Vmax= 25 and 55 pmol/mg of protein/min for DA and MPP+, respectively). Mazindol, a DA uptake inhibitor, blocks the uptake of DA and MPP+ equally well under these conditions. Moreover, by competition experiments, the two molecules appear to use the same carrier(s) to enter DA neurons. Small concentrations of MPP+ are also taken up by striatal neurons in vitro. The amount taken up represented 〈10% of the MPP+ uptake in mesencephalic neurons. Depolarization induced by veratridine released comparable proportions of labeled DA and MPP+ from mesencephalic cultures. These data support the view that MPTP is transformed into MPP+ by astrocytes and concentrated in DA neurons by a relatively specific uptake system, similar to that for DA.

Electronic Resource

1471-4159

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract: Adrenal catecholamines are known to mediate many of the physiological consequences of the “fight or flight” response to stress. However, the mechanisms by which the long-term responses to repeated stress are mediated are less well understood and possibly involve alterations in gene expression. In this study the effects of a single and repeated immobilization stress on mRNA levels of the adrenal catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase, were examined. A repeated 2-hr daily immobilization for 7 consecutive days markedly elevated both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNA levels (about six- and fourfold, respectively). In contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase but not dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNA levels were elevated immediately following a single immobilization. The elevation in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA with a single immobilization was as high as with seven daily repeated immobilizations. This elevation was not sustained and returned toward control values 24 hr later. Both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNA levels were elevated immediately following two daily immobilizations to levels similar to those observed after seven immobilizations and were maintained 24 hr later. The results indicate that both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNA levels are elevated by stress; however, the mechanism and/or timing of their regulation are not identical.

Electronic Resource

1365-2494

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

A series of trials was carried out in which barn-dried hay and silage were fed to young fattening cattle with or without supplementary barley. Liveweight-gains on silage and barn-dried hay alone were too low to provide an adequate finish during winter feeding. Liveweight-gains on hay alone were always higher than those obtained on silage alone, the difference being more marked in lighter animals. There was a marked response to supplements of 3 and 4 lb (1.4 and 1.8 kg) of barley, the response being significantly greater in silage-fed cattle than in those fed on barn-dried hay. There was some evidence of growth compensation with the introduction of a barley supplement to cattle on silage diets, but there was no such response in those fed on hay. Compensatory growth was not accompanied by improved digestibility or N retention.

Electronic Resource

1365-2494

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We present in this work the results of a Raman spectroscopy study on the plasmon–phonon coupling in Ge-doped p-type gallium arsenide. A series of polarized Raman scattering experiments were carried out on epitaxial films grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on (100) GaAs substrates at 20, 100, and 300 K. The films were p type with free hole densities varying in the range of 5×1017–1×1020 cm−3. Under the scattering configurations employed, the longitudinal optical (LO) mode is forbidden for crossed polarization while the transverse optical (TO) mode is forbidden for both parallel and crossed polarizations. However, all the polarized Raman spectra showed two peaks with frequencies close to the TO and LO phonons of semi-insulating GaAs. The appearance of such forbidden modes was accounted for with a theoretical model which considers phonon–plasmon coupled modes with wave vectors much larger than those given by the regular q≈0 wave vector transferred by photons. Ionized acceptor impurities provide such additional wave vector transfer through elastic scattering of the photoexcited electrons and holes. It is demonstrated that the experimental values for position and linewidth of the peaks are well described by the theoretical calculations when Fröhlich-type and deformation potential mechanisms are considered as means of interaction. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

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