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1Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in PressA. D'Hont ; F. Denoeud ; J. M. Aury ; F. C. Baurens ; F. Carreel ; O. Garsmeur ; B. Noel ; S. Bocs ; G. Droc ; M. Rouard ; C. Da Silva ; K. Jabbari ; C. Cardi ; J. Poulain ; M. Souquet ; K. Labadie ; C. Jourda ; J. Lengelle ; M. Rodier-Goud ; A. Alberti ; M. Bernard ; M. Correa ; S. Ayyampalayam ; M. R. McKain ; J. Leebens-Mack ; D. Burgess ; M. Freeling ; A. M. D. Mbeguie ; M. Chabannes ; T. Wicker ; O. Panaud ; J. Barbosa ; E. Hribova ; P. Heslop-Harrison ; R. Habas ; R. Rivallan ; P. Francois ; C. Poiron ; A. Kilian ; D. Burthia ; C. Jenny ; F. Bakry ; S. Brown ; V. Guignon ; G. Kema ; M. Dita ; C. Waalwijk ; S. Joseph ; A. Dievart ; O. Jaillon ; J. Leclercq ; X. Argout ; E. Lyons ; A. Almeida ; M. Jeridi ; J. Dolezel ; N. Roux ; A. M. Risterucci ; J. Weissenbach ; M. Ruiz ; J. C. Glaszmann ; F. Quetier ; N. Yahiaoui ; P. Wincker
Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
Published 2012Staff ViewPublication Date: 2012-07-18Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (NPG)Print ISSN: 0028-0836Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687Topics: BiologyChemistry and PharmacologyMedicineNatural Sciences in GeneralPhysicsKeywords: Conserved Sequence/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication/genetics ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Genotype ; Haploidy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Musa/classification/*genetics ; PhylogenyPublished by: -
2Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in PressF. Choulet ; A. Alberti ; S. Theil ; N. Glover ; V. Barbe ; J. Daron ; L. Pingault ; P. Sourdille ; A. Couloux ; E. Paux ; P. Leroy ; S. Mangenot ; N. Guilhot ; J. Le Gouis ; F. Balfourier ; M. Alaux ; V. Jamilloux ; J. Poulain ; C. Durand ; A. Bellec ; C. Gaspin ; J. Safar ; J. Dolezel ; J. Rogers ; K. Vandepoele ; J. M. Aury ; K. Mayer ; H. Berges ; H. Quesneville ; P. Wincker ; C. Feuillet
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published 2014Staff ViewPublication Date: 2014-07-19Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)Print ISSN: 0036-8075Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203Topics: BiologyChemistry and PharmacologyComputer ScienceMedicineNatural Sciences in GeneralPhysicsKeywords: Bread ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics/*physiology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Meiosis ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Polyploidy ; Pseudogenes ; Recombination, Genetic ; Triticum/cytology/*geneticsPublished by: -
3Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in PressStaff View
Publication Date: 2018-08-17Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)Print ISSN: 0036-8075Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203Topics: BiologyChemistry and PharmacologyGeosciencesComputer ScienceMedicineNatural Sciences in GeneralPhysicsKeywords: Botany, Ecology, Online OnlyPublished by: -
4Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-2242Keywords: Key words Pisum sativum ; Cell-cycle synchronization ; Plant chromosome and nuclei isolation ; Flow cytometric analysis and sorting ; PRINSSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract A high-yield method for the isolation of intact nuclei and chromosomes in suspension from a variable number of pea root tips (1–10) has been developed. This procedure is based on a two-step cell-cycle synchronization of root-tip meristems to obtain a high mitotic index, followed by formaldehyde fixation and mechanical isolation of chromosomes and nuclei by homogenization. In the explant, up to 50% of metaphases were induced through a synchronization of the cell cycle at the interface with hydroxyurea (1.25 mM), followed, after a 3-h release, by a block in metaphase with amiprophos-methyl (10 µM). The quality and quantity of nuclei and chromosomes were related to the extent of the fixation. Best results were obtained after a 30-min fixation with 2% and 4% formaldehyde for nuclei and chromosomes, respectively. The method described here allowed the isolation of nuclei and chromosomes, even from a single root tip, with a yield of and respectively. Isolated suspensions were suitable for flow cytometric analysis and sorting and PRINS labelling with a rDNA probe.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
5Articles: DFG German National LicensesKopecky, D. ; Lukaszewski, A. J. ; Doležel, J.
Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Published 2005Staff ViewISSN: 1439-0523Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, NutritionNotes: Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to characterize the chromosome constitutions of individual plants from a set of tetraploid and hexaploid cultivars of Festulolium developed and released in the Czech Republic from hybrids of Lolium multiflorum with Festuca pratensis and F. arundinacea. A simplified GISH protocol readily discriminated parental genomes in the hybrids and facilitated the screening of large numbers of plants per accession. The contribution of parental genomes in the cultivars tested ranged from predominance of chromatin from one of the parents to a more balanced contribution from both parents. However, in none of the cultivars were equal proportions of chromatin from both parents present. The parental contribution to the hybrids was both in the form of complete chromosomes or as chromosome translocations. In hexaploid cultivars from (L. multiflorum × F. arundinacea) × F. arundinacea hybrids the average numbers of complete L. multiflorum chromosomes ranged from 4.95 to 7.5 and the numbers of translocations from 6.33 to 10.21. Two tetraploid cultivars from (L. multiflorum × F. arundinacea) × L. multiflorum hybrids showed a strong prevalence of L. multiflorum chromatin and intergeneric translocations were rare. In the tetraploid cultivar ‘Perun’ of the L. multiflorum × F. pratensis hybrid there were 11.7 chromosomes of L. multiflorum and 14.7 recombined chromosomes on average. Reasons for the domination of one of the parental genomes in hybrid cultivars are not clear and are only partially explained by breeding history. Recombination rates of individual genomes in hybrids involving F. arundinacea were evaluated in double hybridization experiments. The results indicated a strong affinity of the L. multiflorum genome for the F. pratensis genome present in F. arundinacea and little affinity for the F. glaucescens genome. This suggests that introgressions from F. arundinacea into L. multiflorum are primarily limited to the F. pratensis genome which can be more readily accessed in L. multiflorum × F. pratensis hybrids.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
6Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1065-6995Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002Topics: BiologyType of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
7Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 0168-9452Keywords: Medicago sativa ; Medicago varia ; cell suspension culture ; colchicine ; flow cytometry ; genetic instability ; polyploidization ; somatic embryogenesisSource: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002Topics: BiologyType of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
8Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 0942-0940Keywords: Keywords: Centrocentral anastomosis; nerve entrapment; lower part of abdomen; ilioinguinal pain syndrome.Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: MedicineNotes: Summary During operations in the lower part of the abdomen injuries to nerves located here arise in 1–4,2 per cent; the most frequently iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. These injuries to nerves are often very painful and till to day very difficult to treat. Clinical terminology of their injuries is variable and not strict. Therefore we suggest an all embracing term “abdominoinguinal pain syndrome”. The authors present four case reports, in whom centrocentral anastomosis with use of both autologous interposed segment of nerve and also without it, achieved successful treatment of chronic pain. On the basis of this experience the authors prefer centrocentral anastomosis without autologous interposed segment of nerve, which is technicaly more simple.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
9Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-2048Keywords: Cell cycle synchronization ; Chromosome isolation (plant) ; Flow cytometry ; Metaphase arrest ; Root tip ; ViciaSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract A new method is described for the isolation of large quantities ofVicia faba metaphase chromosomes. Roots were treated with 2.5 mM hydroxyurea for 18 h to accumulate meristem tip cells at the G1/S interface. After release from the block, the cells re-entered the cell cycle with a high degree of synchrony. A treatment with 2.5 μM amiprophos-methyl (APM) was used to accumulate mitotic cells in metaphase. The highest metaphase index (53.9%) was achieved when, 6 h after the release from the hydroxyurea block, the roots were exposed to APM for 4 h. The chromosomes were released from formaldehyde-fixed root tips by chopping with a scalpel in LB01 lysis buffer. Both the quality and the quantity of isolated chromosomes, examined microscopically and by flow cytometry, depended on the extent of the fixation. The best results were achieved after fixation with 6% formaldehyde for 30 min. Under these conditions, 1 · 106 chromosomes were routinely obtained from 30 root tips. The chromosomes were morphologically intact and suitable both for high-resolution chromosome studies and for flow-cytometric analysis and sorting. After the addition of hexylene glycol, the chromosome suspensions could be stored at 4° C for six months without any signs of deterioration.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
10Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-203XSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract A technique is described for differential staining of sister chromatids and the study of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in garlic (Allium sativum L.) callus cells. BrdU incorporation into newly synthesized DNA was ensured by culturing calli on medium containing 100 μM BrdU+0.01 μM FudR+1 μM Urd. SCEs were visualized by FPG staining technique and their frequency was analysed. Mean frequency of SCEs in callus cells was higher than that in meristem root-tip cells. Using the same staining method, cell cycle time of callus cells was analysed. It was found that it ranges from 48 to 132 hrs. The method described represents a new approach in the study of genetic instability of plant cells cultured in vitro.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
11Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-0886Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyMedicineNotes: Abstract Two methods for isolation of plant metaphase chromosomes are described. The first, micromanipulation, allows the isolation of a number of individual chromosomes, which may be used as templates for the generation of chromosome specific DNA libraries and for physical sequence mapping by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The second provides, from synchronized meristems, pure chromosome suspensions suitable for flow cytometric analysis and chromosome sorting. Restriction endonuclease banding, immunostaining of chromosomal antigens, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization at high signal to noise ratio were successfully performed on the isolated chromosomes. Chromosomes obtained by both protocols were suitable for scanning electron microscopy, the methods should also prove useful for refined analyses of the karyotypes of other plant species.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
12Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-2048Keywords: Cell cycle synchronization ; Chromosome isolation (plant) ; Flow cytometry ; Metaphase arrest ; Root tip ; ViciaSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract A new method is described for the isolation of large quantities of Vicia faba metaphase chromosomes. Roots were treated with 2.5 mM hydroxyurea for 18 h to accumulate meristem tip cells at the G1/S interface. After release from the block, the cells re-entered the cell cycle with a high degree of synchrony. A treatment with 2.5 μM amiprophos-methyl (APM) was used to accumulate mitotic cells in metaphase. The highest metaphase index (53.9%) was achieved when, 6 h after the release from the hydroxyurea block, the roots were exposed to APM for 4 h. The chromosomes were released from formaldehyde-fixed root tips by chopping with a scalpel in LB01 lysis buffer. Both the quality and the quantity of isolated chromosomes, examined microscopically and by flow cytometry, depended on the extent of the fixation. The best results were achieved after fixation with 6% formaldehyde for 30 min. Under these conditions, 1 · 106 chromosomes were routinely obtained from 30 root tips. The chromosomes were morphologically intact and suitable both for high-resolution chromosome studies and for flow-cytometric analysis and sorting. After the addition of hexylene glycol, the chromosome suspensions could be stored at 4° C for six months without any signs of deterioration.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
13Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-2242Keywords: Pisum sativum ; Cell-cycle synchronization ; Plant chromosome and nuclei isolation ; Flow cytometric analysis and sorting ; PRINSSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract A high-yield method for the isolation of intact nuclei and chromosomes in suspension from a variable number of pea root tips (1–10) has been developed. This procedure is based on a two-step cell-cycle synchronization of root-tip meristems to obtain a high mitotic index, followed by formaldehyde fixation and mechanical isolation of chromosomes and nuclei by homogenization. In the explant, up to 50% of metaphases were induced through a synchronization of the cell cycle at the G1/S interface with hydroxyurea (1.25 mM), followed, after a 3-h release, by a block in metaphase with amiprophos-methyl (10 μM). The quality and quantity of nuclei and chromosomes were related to the extent of the fixation. Best results were obtained after a 30-min fixation with 2% and 4% formaldehyde for nuclei and chromosomes, respectively. The method described here allowed the isolation of nuclei and chromosomes, even from a single root tip, with a yield of 1×105/root and 1.4×105/root, respectively. Isolated suspensions were suitable for flow cytometric analysis and sorting and PRINS labelling with a rDNA probe.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
14Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-2242Keywords: Plant chromosomes ; Vicia faba ; Flow cytometry ; Flow karyotype ; Chromosome sortingSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Summary Chromosome suspensions were prepared from formaldehyde-fixed, synchronized Vicia faba root tips. After staining with the DNA intercalating fluorochrome propidium iodide, the suspensions were analysed with a flow cytometer. The resulting histograms of integral fluorescence intensity contained peaks similar to those of theoretical V.faba flow karyotypes. From V. Faba cv ‘Inovec’ (2n = 12) only one peak, corresponding to a single chromosome type (metacentric chromosome), could be discriminated. However, it was found that the peak also contained doublets of acrocentric chromosomes. Bivariate analysis of fluorescence pulse area (chromosome DNA content) and fluorescence pulse width (chromosome length) was necessary to distinguish the metacentric chromosome. To achieve a high degree of purity, a two-step sorting protocol was adopted. During a working day, more than 25 000 metacentric chromosomes (corresponding to 0.2 μg DNA) were sorted with a purity of more than 90%. Such chromosomes are suitable for physical gene mapping by in situ hybridization or via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allow the construction of chromosome-specific DNA libraries. While it was only possible to distinguish and sort one chromosome type from V. Faba cv ‘Inovec’ with the standard karyotype, it was possible to sort with a high degree of purity five out of six chromosome types of the line EFK of V. Faba, which has six pairs of morphologically distinct chromosomes. This result confirmed the possibility of using reconstructed karyotypes to overcome existing problems with the discrimination and flow sorting of individual chromosome types in plants.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
15Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1432-2242Keywords: Chromosome isolation ; Chromosome sorting ; Flow cytometry ; Flow karyotype ; Vicia fabaSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract Flow cytometric analysis has been performed on chromosomes isolated from formaldehyde-fixed root tips in a Vicia faba (2n = 12) line with a standard (wild-type) karyotype and in six V. faba translocation lines with reconstructed karyotypes. The resolution of individual chromosome types on histograms of chromosome fluorescence intensity (flow karyotypes) depended on the type of fluorochrome used for chromosome staining. The highest degree of resolution was achieved with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The lower resolution obtained after staining with mithramycin A (MIT) and propidium iodide (PI) was probably due to the sensitivity of these stains to changes in chromatin structure induced by formaldehyde fixation. After the staining with DAPI, only 1 chromosome type could be discriminated in the line with a standard karyotype. In the translocation lines, the number of chromosome types resolved on flow karyotypes ranged from 2 in the G and the ACB lines to all (6) chromosome types in the EFK and EF lines. Refined flow karyotyping permitted the sorting of a total of 15 different chromosome types from five of the translocation lines. It is expected that flow sorting of chromosomes from reconstructed karyotypes will become a powerful tool in the study of nuclear genome organisation in V. faba.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
16Articles: DFG German National LicensesBalint-Kurti, P. J. ; Clendennen, S. K. ; Doleželová, M. ; Valárik, M. ; Doležel, J. ; Beetham, P. R. ; May, G. D.
Springer
Published 2000Staff ViewISSN: 1617-4623Keywords: Key wordsSkippy ; Nucleolar organizer region (NOR) ; Somaclonal variation ; Repetitive sequence ; In situ hybridizationSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract Retroelements are ubiquitous features of eukaryotic genomes, often accounting for a substantial fraction of their total DNA content. One major group of retroelements, which includes the gypsy and copia-like elements, is distinguished by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs). We have identified and partially characterized a sequence from banana (Musa acuminata cv. Grand Nain) which shows significant homology to gypsy-like LTR retroelements from other species. The element, named monkey, shows a high degree of homology to the reverse transcriptase, RNase H and integrase genes of retroelements from plants, fungi and yeast. However, several stop codons are present in the major ORF of this element, suggesting that this copy of monkey, if functional, is non-autonomous. Southern analysis indicated that monkey is present in both the A and B genomes of Musa, and that it is found in 200–500 copies per haploid genome in cv. Grand Nain. Chromosomal localization by fluorescent in-situ hybridization indicates that copies of monkey are concentrated in the nucleolar organizer regions and colocalize with rRNA genes. Other copies of monkey appear to be dispersed throughout the genome.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
17Articles: DFG German National LicensesLysák, M. A. ; ČíUhalíková, J. ; Kubaláková, M. ; Šimková, H. ; Künzel, G. ; Doležel, J.
Springer
Published 1999Staff ViewISSN: 1573-6849Keywords: barley ; cell cycle synchronization ; chromosome isolation ; chromosome sorting ; flow cytometrySource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract A high-yield method for isolation of barley chromosomes in suspension, their analysis and sorting using flow cytometry is described. To accumulate meristem root tip cells at metaphase, actively growing roots were subjected to subsequent treatment with 2 mmol/L hydroxyurea for 18 h, 2.5 μmol/L amiprophos methyl for 2 h, and ice water (overnight). This treatment resulted in metaphase indices exceeding 50%. Synchronized root tips were fixed in 2% formaldehyde for 20 min and chromosomes were released into a lysis buffer by mechanical homogenization, producing, on average, 5 × 105 chromosomes from 50 root tips. The isolated chromosomes were morphologically intact and suitable for flow cytometric analysis and sorting. While it was possible to discriminate and sort only one chromosome from a barley cultivar with standard karyotype, up to three chromosomes could be sorted in translocation lines with morphologically distinct chromosomes. The purity of chromosome fractions, estimated after PRINS with primers specific for GAA microsatellites, reached 97%. PCR with chromosome-specific primers confirmed the purity and suitability of flow-sorted chromosomes for physical mapping of DNA sequences.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
18Articles: DFG German National LicensesMacas, J. ; Gualberti, G. ; Nouzová, M. ; Samec, P. ; Lucretti, S. ; Doležel, J.
Springer
Published 1996Staff ViewISSN: 1573-6849Keywords: chromosome flow sorting ; degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction ; chromosome-specific DNA libraries ; genome mapping ; Vicia fabaSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract Recombinant DNA libraries were constructed for seven chromosome types isolated from two translocation lines of field bean (Vicia faba L.) with reconstructed karyotypes. The chromosomes were selected so that the set of libraries covers the wholeV. faba genome more than once. Individual chromosome types were highly purified by flow sorting, and their DNA was amplified by degenerate oligonucleotideprimed (DOP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into a plasmid vector. The choice of restriction site present in PCR primer and refinement of cloning protocol resulted in high cloning efficiency and allowed generation of libraries consisting of about 106 clones from 250 or 1000 sorted chromosomes. The insert size ranged between 50 and 2200 bp and the mean length estimated in individual libraries varied between 310 and 487 pb. Hybridization of cloned fragments with labelled genomic DNA showed that about 60% of inserts represented unique or low-copy sequences. The suitability of the libraries for genome mapping was demonstrated by isolation of clones containing microsatellite motifs.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
19Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1573-0603Keywords: Cell cycle ; DNA synthesis inhibitors ; Metaphase accumulation ; Mitotic synchrony ; SynchronizationSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: BiologyNotes: Abstract The analysis of structure and metabolism of a cell at a defined phase of cell cycle is often difficult because cell cycle progression in somatic tissues is asynchronous and only a fraction of cells are cycling. An elegant solution to obtain populations of cells enriched for single stage of the cell cycle is to impose the synchrony artificially. Different systems have been used to obtain synchronized populations of plant cells, including suspension-cultured cells, leaf mesophyll protoplasts and root tip meristems. Root tips have been frequently used in a variety of studies ranging from chromosome analysis to cell cycle and its regulation. Seedlings with actively growing roots may be obtained in most plant species, they are easy to handle, the experimental system is well defined, reproducible and can be easily modified for different species. This paper describes a protocol for cell cycle synchronization in root tips of Vicia faba, which is based on the use of DNA synthesis inhibitor hydroxyurea [18]. Modifications of the protocol for Pisum sativum, Medicago sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays are also given. Flow cytometric data indicate that about 90% of root tip cells are synchronized. On average, mitotic indices exceeding 50% are obtained with the method. Synchronized cells may be accumulated at metaphase using a mitotic spindle inhibitor to achieve metaphase indices exceeding 50%.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: -
20Articles: DFG German National LicensesStaff View
ISSN: 1573-5060Keywords: flow cytometry ; tetraploidy ; mixoploidy ; cassava breeding ; in vitro colchicination ; oryzalinSource: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, NutritionNotes: Summary The diploid (2C) amount of DNA in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is 1.67 picograms (pg) per cell nucleus. This value corresponds to 772 mega-base pairs in the haploid genome. The size of the nuclear genome in cassava is very small in comparison with other Angiosperms. Flow cytometry techniques were used to screen ploidy levels in a large population of in vitro plantlets treated with colchicine and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N-dipropylsulphate). Culture of axillary node cuttings for 48 hours in liquid medium supplemented with 2.5 to 5.0 mM colchicine in combination with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in a high frequency (23 to 42%) of non-chimeric tetraploids in the V3 generation. Although mixoploidy may persist in as many as four cycles of vegetative propagation of node cuttings, solid (non-chimeric) tetraploids can be identified by flow cytometry among in vitro plantlets and then rapidly propagated for field testing. A somatic polyploidization system is proposed for implementation in cassava breeding programmes.Type of Medium: Electronic ResourceURL: