Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:Hug)

book

2001

Pädagogik ; Forschung ; Methode ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Informationsgesellschaft ; Wissenschaftsentwicklung ; Wissenschaftsforschung ; Wissenschaftstheorie ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Soziologie ; Wissenschaftsdisziplin ; Interdisziplinarität ; Theorie

German

book

1983

German

2022-08-09

In der Studie wird die wahrgenommene persönliche Autonomie von aktiven Spotify-Nutzer:innen beim Treffen von Entscheidungen auf der Plattform untersucht. Ferner spielt auch das grundsätzliche Hörverhalten von Audioinhalten eine Rolle. Ausgangslage der Untersuchung sind Theorien aus der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Psychologie, Philosophie und Ethik. In dieser Verzahnung unterschiedlicher Disziplinen wurde das Thema in dieser Form bisher nur wenig erforscht. Mithilfe von Tiefeninterviews sowie von qualitativen Inhaltsanalysen können drei zu Beginn aufgestellte Leitfragen beantwortet werden. Diese beziehen sich auf die Bedeutung Spotifys im Leben der Nutzer:innen sowie auf Kenntnisse zur wahrgenommenen Autonomie bei der Nutzung der App und deren Bewertung. Es kann festgestellt werden, dass Spotify eine bedeutende Rolle im Leben seiner Nutzer:innen zukommt. Diese nutzen den Musikstreaming-Dienst zur Beeinflussung ihrer Stimmung, zum Vertreiben von Langeweile sowie zum Hervorrufen von als positiv empfundenen Erinnerungen. Zudem geben alle Proband:innen an, Spotify als ihren Hauptdienst für Audiostreaming zu nutzen; die meisten von ihnen zahlen für den Premium-Account. Obwohl Spotify als Mittel zum Zweck gilt, können sich die befragten Nutzer:innen nach aktuellem Stand keinen Wechsel des Anbieters vorstellen. Bei der Nutzung selbst ist den meisten befragten Proband:innen bewusst, dass Spotify Algorithmen nutzt, die ihnen Audioinhalte vorschlagen. Diese werden von allen Befragten genutzt, was auf eine eingeschränkte Autonomie der Nutzer:innen hindeutet, jedoch aufgrund der gewählten Methode nicht vollständig bestätigt werden kann. Gleichzeitig fühlen sie sich in einer Position der Kontrolle über ihre Entscheidungen, da sie durch Klicken und Downloaden von Audioinhalten selbstbestimmt handeln können. Auch die in Bezug auf Spotify bekannte Problematik, dass Daten gesammelt und unter anderem zu Werbezwecken genutzt werden, löst bei den Befragten nur wenig Skepsis aus. Alles in allem schafft Spotify es, das Vertrauen der Nutzer:innen im Umgang mit Daten sowie ihrer eigenen Autonomie zu gewinnen. Über Algorithmen und Datensammlungen wird von den Befragten hinweggesehen, sofern Spotify weiterhin als alltäglicher Stimmungsmacher funktioniert und vielfältige Funktionalitäten anbietet, die die Nutzenden als wichtig erachten.

Publizistische Medien, Journalismus,Verlagswesen ; Psychologie ; News media, journalism, publishing ; Psychology ; Streamingdienste; Spotify; Medienpsychologie ; interaktive, elektronische Medien ; Wirkungsforschung, Rezipientenforschung ; angewandte Psychologie ; Interactive, electronic Media ; Impact Research, Recipient Research ; Applied Psychology ; auditive Medien ; Digitale Medien ; Autonomie ; Medien ; Nutzung ; Medienkompetenz ; Rezeption ; Datenschutz ; auditory media ; digital media ; autonomy ; media ; utilization ; media skills ; reception ; data protection ; 10800 ; 10700 ; 29900

Forschungsbericht, research report

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

This letter presents a theoretical approach for calculating the stray magnetic field of the tiny tip used in magnetic force microscopy (MFM). We consider several models for the tip. We demonstrate the advantage of using nonmagnetic tips covered by a magnetic thin film to improve lateral resolution of MFM. The analysis is quantitative and can be directly applied to a real tip that conforms to the shape limitations of our model. The same analysis can be applied to the case of a superconducting sample.

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

We have built a low temperature scanning force microscope which is able to measure contact and noncontact forces using the dc modes of force microscopy. We demonstrate the capabilities of our instrument on a magneto-optical disk at room temperature and at 77 K. Using a ferromagnetic thin film tip, the topography and the micromagnetic stray field of the sample is measured using the dc modes of force microscopy. The topographic and magnetic data are precisely correlated. The circular bit structure and the natural domain structure between the homogeneously magnetized bits is clearly visible. A lateral resolution below 100 nm and a force resolution of 10−12 N is reproducibly achieved.

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

Impressed by the high resolution and easy operation of the new generation scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs), we built a pocket-size high-stability atomic force microscope (AFM) with deflection measurement by tunneling. It was our aim to reach high mechanical and thermal stability of the tunnel junction as well as full compatibility with our existing STM system. Our first AFM scanhead, designed for large scan ranges up to 15 μm, stably measured an artificial grid structure on SiO2, reproducibly showing details of less than 1 nm in size. On this well-defined sample we compared constant force with variable deflection measurements.

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

This article describes the design of a versatile ultrahigh vaccum (UHV) low temperature scanning force microscope system. The system allows scanning probe microscopy measurements at temperatures between 6 and 400 K and in magnetic fields up to 7 T. Cantilevers and samples can be prepared in UHV and transferred to the microscope. We describe some technical details of our system and present first measurements performed at different temperatures and in various scanning force microscopy operation modes. We demonstrate distortion free and calibrated images at temperatures ranging from 8 to 300 K, atomic resolution on NaCl at 7.6 K and various magnetic force microscopy images of vortices in high transition temperature superconductors. It is demonstrated that our instrumentation reaches the thermodynamically determined sensitivity limit. Using standard cantilevers force gradients in the 10−6N/m range, corresponding forces of about 10−15N can be measured. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1475-6765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Political Science

Abstract. This article analyses the structure and evolution of the literature on parties and party systems in Europe since 1945. Using a bibliographical database comprising all references to scientific work on parties and party systems, we propose an innovative quantitative analysis. The completeness of our database allows us to show in detail the evolution of the literature over time. On the basis of a systematic coding of all references with respect to the type of parties, the countries and topics covered, as well as the language, place and type of publication, we propose a detailed quantitative analysis of the literature in all its dimensions. The result of our exploration is an accurate map of the literature on political parties in Europe.

Electronic Resource

1542-734X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

English, American Studies

Electronic Resource

1475-6765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Political Science

Abstract. This article1 highlights the main shortcomings of the current dominant theories of green politics and green parties. Using Switzerland as a critical case, it explores a different approach as green politics, seen as a result of different attitudes about ways and means to solve environmental problems. The article concludes with some theoretical ideas that would lend themselves to a more comprehensive theory of green politics.

Electronic Resource

1475-6765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Political Science

The literature on new political parties is vast but often neglects strategic aspects that are important in the formation period. In this article I develop a simple incomplete information game consisting of the interactions between an established party and a potential new party. The game shows that higher ‘costs’ for forming a party decrease the likelihood of new actors appearing on the electoral scene. Apart from this intuitive result the paper also shows that important demands from potential new parties are less likely to be taken seriously by the established party than more modest demands. Consequently, established parties often change their policies only marginally and are likely to refuse important modifications to their platform.

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

There are several experimental methods which give information about the thermal relaxation times of the deep levels in a semiconductor. Analyzing the temperature dependence of the relaxation times, the activation energy and the cross section of the corresponding deep levels can be determined. An essential problem of such methods is the identification of the relaxation times in the measured signal. In the context of time-dependent measurements such as photoinduced current transient spectroscopy and deep level transient spectroscopy, Tikhonov regularization was recently proposed as a high resolution method for this purpose. In this contribution it is proposed to apply Tikhonov regularization in order to identify the thermal relaxation times in admittance spectroscopy data. The method is tested and discussed using simulated data. Finally, admittance spectroscopy data of a GaAs diode are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the resolution of an ordinary admittance spectroscopy setup can considerably be improved by the application of Tikhonov regularization. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Modifications of the magnetic properties of a nonoriented 3% SiFe alloy with plastic strains are reported. The samples have been tested along rolling and transverse directions lying in the sheet plane by means of a suitable experimental system of measurements using a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field. The magnetic properties markedly deteriorate when measurements are carried out in the direction of the applied stress. This phenomenon is less important perpendicular to the applied stress. Quasistatic experiments (f=0.1 Hz) have been accomplished to separate the total losses into hysteresis and dynamic components. Hysteresis losses strongly increase and dynamic losses sensitively decrease with the plastic deformation whatever the direction in sheet plane. Compression-tension fatigue tests carried out have shown that the material displays a strong kinematic strengthening behavior representative of internal and long range stresses in the strained sample. The degradation of the magnetic properties of nonoriented 3% SiFe alloys with plastic strains is the result of two effects: one due to dislocations and another due to internal stresses. The latter display along the direction of magnetic measurements the same effects as an outside elastic stress. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We present a series of magnetic force microscope (MFM) images of epitaxial magnetic thin films. The films studied, Ni/Cu/Si(001) capped by 2 nm of Cu, exhibit perpendicular anisotropy over an exceptionally broad thickness range, 2 nm〈h〈14 nm. The magnetic domain structure of the as-grown films shows a sharp transition to a finer length scale above a finite critical thickness of 12 nm. Micromagnetic theory provides the first quantitative description for these general but previously unexplained phenomena. Further we discuss MFM data obtained on films with a thickness larger than 14 nm. These films show a pronounced in-plane anisotropy. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Epitaxial Cu/Ni/Cu (001) films exhibit perpendicular anisotropy over an exceptionally wide thickness range (30 Å≤Ni≤145 Å).12 Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) has been used to reveal new details of the magnetization process;34 here we focus on two features. (1) the forces of attraction and repulsion between different segments of domain walls and (2) a bimodal distribution of magnetization response times to perpendicular applied fields. Domain images were taken using high-resolution scanning MFM in perpendicular fields up to 500 Oe. The following observations are explained. As high energy domains are reduced in area by a perpendicular applied field, the domain patterns (whose wall orientations in zero field have no correlation with the easy in-plane 〈110〉 directions) evolve to a serpentine pattern. Some lengths of the serpentine domains collapse completely while others shrink in width with opposite walls failing to annihilate each other even in fields up to 500 Oe. These "hard domains" show a preference for alignment with the easy 〈110〉 directions. We believe the annihilation and hard domain behavior to be due to the combination of opposing short-range exchange and long-range dipole interactions between lengths of domain wall having the same or opposite chirality; chirality along a domain wall changes at a Bloch line. The alignment of hard threadlike domains with the 〈110〉 directions is due to the magnetoelastic interaction between the misfit dislocation strain field and the in-plane magnetization of the domain wall. Films of Ni thickness up to 85 Å can be saturated and show a remanence ratio of unity by MFM, vibrating sample magnetometry and magneto-optic Kerr effect in perpendicular fields. On the other hand, for 100 Å of Ni, the remanence ratio is smaller and the MFM images at 500 Oe show a small fractional area of unreversed domains; thicker films show larger unsaturated fractions. The magnetization process in films of 75–100 Å Ni is revealed in the MFM images to have an instantaneous field response and a slower time response (in constant field) over a period of several minutes. The instantaneous response is due to the motion of glissile domain wall segments; the after effect appears to be due to the thermally activated motion of Bloch lines along the hard wall segments. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Gate quality N-rich silicon nitride films, with low bulk dangling bond densities, have been prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. Films of different thicknesses, ranging from 200 to 10 500 A(ring), were obtained by varying the deposition time. The dielectric constant was found to be around 6.6 for this material, independent of the film thickness. The flatband voltage shift was also found to be proportional to the silicon nitride thickness, which suggests that a centroid of the trapped charge is located close to (within a region narrower than 200 A(ring)) the silicon/nitride interface. For films thicker than 200 A(ring), the effective charge and effective trapped carrier density were found to be Qeff(approximately-equal-to)2×10−7 C cm−2 and Neff(approximately-equal-to)1×1012 cm−2.

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

We present a transfer-function approach to calculate the force on a magnetic force microscope tip and the stray field due to a perpendicularly magnetized medium having an arbitrary magnetization pattern. Under certain conditions, it is possible to calculate the magnetization pattern from the measured force data. We apply this transfer function theory to quantitatively simulate magnetic force microscopy data acquired on a CoNi/Pt multilayer and on an epitaxially grown Cu/Ni/Cu/Si(001) magnetic thin film. The method described here serves as an excellent basis for (i) the definition of the condition for achieving maximum resolution in a specific experiment, (ii) the differences of force and force z-derivative imaging, (iii) the artificial distinction between domain and domain wall contrast, and finally (iv) the influence of various tip shapes on image content. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7550

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

A method is presented for the analysis of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements that allows the quantitative determination of the sample stray field. It is shown how measurements on an easily obtainable calibration sample can be used to calibrate the MFM measurement as a function of the wavelength of the sample stray field at the tip apex. It is demonstrated that the thus obtained MFM calibration can be used to determine the stray field distribution of the tip. Furthermore, the effect of the tip on the MFM imaging mechanism is analyzed by comparing it to some simple tip models. From the analysis, it is shown that the point–monopole and dipole models do not accurately describe the MFM imaging mechanism. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.

Electronic Resource

1089-7623

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

A probe light source with uniform spectral output is required to obtain constant signal-to-noise ratio in absorption spectra taken with an optical multichannel analyzer. Suitable filters to balance the spectrum of the flash-lamp source discussed here are unavailable. Instead a device is proposed which equalizes the spectrum of the probe source after it has been dispersed by the spectrograph of the optical multichannel analyzer.

Electronic Resource

1077-3118

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Magnetic domains of BaFe12O19 have been imagined with a scanning tunneling microscope having a flexible, magnetic tip. We have found that Co thin films evaporated on a silicon tip, integrated with a cantilever, can give high lateral resolution, below 50 nm. Therefore, we have been able to image domains and domain walls simultaneously. We have observed domains of 1.9 μm width and domain walls of 270 nm width. We explained the data using existing models.

Electronic Resource