Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:D. Fine)

2014-05-17

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

0036-8075

1095-9203

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Computer Science

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

2014-11-28

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Antigens, CD274/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunotherapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*therapy

2014-11-28

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Antigens, CD274/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Biomarkers/blood ; CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism ; Chemokine CX3CL1/metabolism ; Clinical Protocols ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; *Immunotherapy/adverse effects ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

1745-6584

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Geosciences

A spill of JP-4 jet fuel at the U.S. Coast Guard Air Station in Traverse City, Michigan, contaminated a water-table aquifer. An infiltration gallery (30 ft × 30 ft) was installed above a section of the aquifer containing 700 gal JP-4. Purge wells recirculated three million gallons of ground water per week through the infiltration gallery at a rate designed to raise the water table above the contaminated interval. Ground water containing ambient concentrations of oxygen and nitrate was first recirculated for 40 days. Concentrations of benzene in monitoring wells beneath the infiltration gallery were reduced from 760 to 〈1μ/1. Concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene were reduced from 4500 to 17, 840 to 44, 2600 to 490, and 1400 to 260 μ/1, respectively. Average core concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene were reduced from 0.84 to 0.032, 33 to 0.13, 18 to 0.36, 58 to 7.4, and 26 to 3.2 mg/kg, respectively. Ground water amended with nitrate (10 mg/1 nitrate-nitrogen) and nutrients was then recirculated for 76 days. Final core concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene were 0.017,0.036,0.019,0.059, and 0.27 mg/kg, respectively. Final aqueous concentrations were 〈1 μ/1 for benzene and toluene, 6 μ/1 for ethylbenzene, and 20 to 40 μ/1 for the xylene isomers, in good agreement with predicted values based on residual fuel content and partitioning theory. Although alkylbenzene concentrations have been substantially reduced, the test plot is still contaminated with the weatheredfuel. Based on stoichiometry, approximately 10 times more nitrate was consumed than could be accounted for by BTX degradation alone, indicating that other compounds were also degraded under denitrifying conditions.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

These preliminary studies were undertaken to test the effectiveness of a new procedure for in vivo examination of interactions between bacteria and root surfaces. For this purpose, four patients with juvenile periodontitis, four with chronic periodontitis, and four normal subjects were selected. For this procedure, root segments 8 mm long, 2 mm wide, and 150–200 μm thick were prepared from normal teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. These root segments were then sterilized with ethylene oxide. In each subject, one root segment was placed in direct apposition to the mesial surface of a previously scaled lower first molar and positioned to extend 4–5 mm supragingivally and 2–4 mm subgingivally. Root strips were removed after seven days, fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in Spurr's resin.Light and electron microscopic examination of sections from the supragingival portion of root segments revealed bacteria within the root surface in all normal and chronic periodontitis subjects and in two juvenile periodontitis subjects. A nonpenetrating flora was associated with the supragingival portion of the root segments from the other two juvenile periodontitis subjects.Subgingivally, root segments from normal subjects were colonized by junctional epithelium with hemidesmosomes and wide intercellular spaces in which bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were occasionally seen. In root segments from chronic periodontitis patients, the surface appeared to be occupied by Gram (+) bacteria that were morphologically similar to those seen supragingivally in samples from the same patients. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a sparse, loosely associated flora was present on the surface of the subgingival portion of the root samples from juvenile periodontitis patients.The contrast between the presence of bacteria within the supragingival and subgingival portions of root segments obtained from chronic periodontitis patients and the absence of bacteria in root segments from all subgingival samples and two supragingival root samples in the juvenile periodontitis group was considered the most provocative result of the study. It was concluded, on the basis of these results, that the procedure used for the preparation and placement of root segments overcomes limitations inherent in other techniques for the study of subgingival events and permits clear discrimination between patterns of bacterial colonization of the root surface in different subject populations.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

The safety and efficacy of periodontal disease treatment by intrapocket placement of tetracycline (TC) fibers was investigated in a 60-day multicenter study conducted by selecting 4 sites in each subject with 6–10 mm pockets that bled on probing. Sites were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 test groups: TC fiber therapy, scaling, control fiber (fibers without drug), or untreated. TC fibers and control fibers were placed to fill the pocket and were maintained with a cyanoacrylate adhesive for 10(±2) d. Scaling was performed for a minimum of 5 min under local anesthesia. Following initial tooth cleaning procedures, pocket depth, attachment level and bleeding on controlled-force probing were measured at baseline and at 30 d, and 60 d following therapy. Analysis of data from 107 subjects who had complete clinical data sets indicated that TC fiber therapy significantly decreased pocket depth, increased attachment level, and decreased bleeding on controlled-force probing to a greater extent than observed in all other test groups including scaling. These effects were greater than, and in addition to, effects that occurred due to prophylaxis and improved home care. No serious adverse side-effects attributed to TC fiber therapy were observed. No TC fiber-treated sites abscessed and superinfection was not noted. A transient redness at fiber removal was seen at 21% of the sites. Although fibers were placed without anesthesia, mild pain on initial placement was infrequent (19%) and abated rapidly. The results indicate that TC fiber placement provides a safe and effective means for treatment of periodontal infections.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

The study design and baseline characteristics of a multicenter trial to test the effectiveness and safety of locally delivered tetracycline for treatment of adult periodontitis are described. Local delivery was provided by 0.5 mm diameter ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer fibers loaded 25% with tetracycline hydrochloride which were placed into periodontal pockets and maintained by an adhesive for 10 (±2) days. A total of 113 subjects (56 male and 57 female; mean age 49.3 yr) at five centers participated in the study. Subjects were selected who had 4 nonadjacent teeth with 6–10 mm pockets that bled on probing. The selected sites in each subject were randomly assigned to 4 test groups: tetracycline fiber, control fiber, scaling with root planing, or untreated. A balanced experimental design was thereby established in which each subject contributed equally by providing 4 clinically comparable sites for evaluation. To provide a more specific model for testing periodontitis therapy, gingivitis was treated prior to the initiation of the study by prophylaxis with supragingival calculus removal and home care instruction. Clinical response variables measured were pocket depth reduction, attachment level gain and bleeding on controlled-force probing measured at baseline, 30 d, and 60 d. Levels of 6 bacterial species selected as probable periodontal pathogens were measured by DNA probe analysis of plaque samples. The design of this study provided several unique analytical opportunities. Controls included a comparison with conventional treatment, analysis of vehicle effects, and effects at untreated sites. Comparison of the test group with controls permitted evaluation of the principal variables that could effect interpretation of results. The balanced design created by equal representation of each subject in each test provided means to compensate for individual differences between subjects. The combination of these factors resulted in an experimental design which addresses many of the concerns that have been expressed relating to the conduct of clinical trials of periodontal treatments.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Eighteen periodontally diseased teeth and eleven normal teeth requiring surgical removal were each treated with one of four different solutions to elute potentially toxic material from their root surfaces. The solutions used were pyrogen-free water, phenol-water, trichloroacetic acid and citric acid. To define the composition of the eluted material, samples were analyzed for calcium, for ketodeoxyoctonic acid (KDO), a carbohydrate unique to Gram-negative bacteria, and for limulus lysate activity. Limulus-positive material was then analyzed for protein and nucleic acids and subjected to heat treatment, to the enzymes RNAse A and T1, and to lysozyme.It was found that TCA and citric acid removed more calcium and more toxic material from the root surface and subsurface than did either water or phenol-water.The material extracted from 13 of the 18 diseased roots was limulus-positive. Four of the limulus-positive samples were also KDO-positive, strongly indicating the presence of endotoxin in these samples. Neither these nor any of the other limulus-positive responses were reversed or significantly reduced by exposure of samples to heat, to RNAse A and T1, or to lysozyme. In addition, limulus-positive responses were unrelated to the amounts of protein and nucleic acids in the extracted material.When considered together, these preliminary characterizations indicate the presence of endotoxin in the material eluted from periodontally diseased teeth.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

The nature of the interaction between root surfaces and gingival fluid proteins has not been studied. Therefore, a series of in vitro investigations were undertaken to develop an assay to determine sorption of prominent gingival fluid proteins to the cementum.In initial studies extracted teeth were immersed in various concentrations of whole human serum and incubated with rabbit anti-IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 followed by anti-peroxidaseperoxidase bridging reagents. Of the proteins analysed IgG sorbed to the highest degree in gross and microscopic evaluations. Remaining studies focused on quantifying IgG sorption, and thus root segments of known surface area were prepared and immersed in 125I-IgG. Sorption of IgG was calculated as 21.5 ± 0.27 ng/mm2 when IgG was added at concentrations found in gingival fluid. Root fragments immersed in non-IgG human serum reconstituted with specific amounts of 125I-IgG, sorped only 3.4 ± 0.9 ng/mm2 of IgG, and direct measurement of IgG sorption in whole serum by the ELISA method gave comparable results. Moreover, pre-coating of root segments with non-IgG serum followed by incubation with 125I-IgG resulted in 74% inhibition of IgG binding.Results suggest that serum protein sorption to root surfaces can be quantitated and may be non-specific and concentration dependent with respect to IgG.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

The purpose of this study was to define a technique for the positive identification of endotoxin in heterogenous dental plaque samples. An extraction technique, which includesan acotone wash and trichloroacetic acid precipitation followed by pphenol-water extraction was developed to reduce the level of both proteins and nucleic acids in individual plaque samples. Ten subgingival samples of adherent and loosely adherent treated in this manner retained limulus lysate almost exclusively in the phenol phase; ten supragingival samples retained activity in the phenol and water phases. further treatment of all of these samples with ribonuclease A and T1 and with lysozyme did not alter assay results, suggesting that the limulus lysate activity detected was due to Gram-negative Bacterial cell wall fractions. this technique may be useful in determining endotoxin activity in plaque samples and ultimately, in evaluation the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in reduction of plaque endotoxin.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Initial efforts were undertaken to characterize material eluted from the roots of diseased teeth obtained from patients with juvenile (JP) and chronic periodontitis (CP). Material eluted from sixteen of nineteen diseased roots was limulus positive; out of five normal roots, only one yielded limulus-positive material (X2= 7.90; p 〈 0.01). Moreover, heat treatment reversed the limulus positive response of material from seven of the eight limulus-positive JP roots, but had no effect on six of the eight limulus-positive extracts from CP roots (X2= 6.36; p 〈 0.02). Preliminary evidence suggests the presence of a heat-sensitive, moderately acid-stable, limulus-activating protein in material eluted from roots affected by juvenile periodontitis.

Electronic Resource

1600-0765

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

A study was undertaken to assay and compare the pathological potential of loosely adherent plaque (LAP) with that of adherent plaque (AP) using the limulus lysate assay (LLA). A technique was devised for collection both AP And LAP from supra- as well as subgingival tooth areas under pyrogen-free conditions. Five supragingival samples (AP & LAP) were collected from teeth (G.I.= 〈 1) after subjects had abstained from tooth cleaning for two weeks. Five subgingival samples were collected from mylar strips one week after placement in periodontal pockets not less than 4 mm and not more than 7 mm in depth. All samples were lyophilized, recontituted and analyzed for plaque mass by the quantitative ninhydrin reaction (Moore and Stein, 1954). Samples were analyzed for limulus lysate activity by a modification of the LLA of Levin and Bang (1964).Results from the five supragingival samples indicate that plaque mass, as determined by the ninhydrin reaction, was 4–5 fold greater in AP than in LAP. In the five subgingival samples, ninhydrin values for AP were two times higher than LAP. In spite of these differences in plaque mass, limulus activity in all LAP samples was consistently higher than in comparable AP samples when expressed as limulus activity per mole of amino acid. These preliminary findings suggest that subgingival LAP, situated in a position of strategic importance, is biologically active and deserves further study.

Electronic Resource

1365-2036

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background : Crohn's disease is associated with reduced bone density. The power of simple markers of systemic inflammation to identify higher rates of bone loss, in Crohn's disease, is uncertain. This relationship and the role of circulating (peripheral blood) mononuclear cells were investigated in a case–control study.Methods : Urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine and serum osteocalcin concentrations were compared in male and premenopausal females with ‘active’ Crohn's disease (C-reactive protein ≥ 10 and/or erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥ 20) (n = 22) and controls with ‘quiescent’ Crohn's disease (C-reactive protein 〈 10 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 〈 20) (n = 21). No patients were receiving corticosteroid therapy. Production of tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and prostaglandin E2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured.Results : Active Crohn's disease was associated with a higher deoxypyridinoline/creatinine (P = 0.02) and deoxypyridinoline/creatinine:osteocalcin ratio (P =0.01) compared with quiescent Crohn's disease, but similar osteocalcin (P = 0.24). These were not explained by vitamin D status, dietary intake or nutritional status. However, production of interferon-γ by concanavalin A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was lower in active Crohn's disease (P = 0.02) and correlated negatively with the deoxypyridinoline/creatinine:osteocalcin ratio (r = −0.40, P = 0.004).Conclusion : In Crohn's disease, raised C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate may indicate higher rates of bone loss and, if persistent, the need to assess bone mass even where disease symptoms are mild. This may be partly explained by altered production of interferon-γ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] Analytical methods are available for the fourteen most volatile nitrosamines when they are present at the /ig kg-1 level in the original foodstuff7. The procedures involve concentration and clean up by distillation and extraction, followed by separation by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and ...

Electronic Resource

1600-051X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background: Clinical studies in which antimicrobial mouthrinses were shown to have significant antiplaque activity most frequently have used gingivitis as the clinically relevant endpoint. However, there is evidence to suggest that mouthrinses containing active agents effective against Streptococcus mutans, such as chlorhexidine, may also have a rôle in inhibiting dental caries. This clinical study was conducted to determine the effect of 2×-daily rinsing with an essential oilcontaining antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine® Antiseptic) on levels of recoverable S. mutans and total streptococci in supragingival interproximal plaque and in saliva. Additionally, a follow-up in vitro study is reported which determined whether a differential susceptibility to the antiseptic mouthrinse exists among different strains of streptococci.Method: Following baseline saliva and plaque sampling for quantification of recoverable S. mutans and total streptococci, 29 qualifying subjects were randomly assigned either the essential oil mouthrinse or a sterile water control. They rinsed with 20 ml for 30 s 2×daily for 11 days and once on the 12th day, in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedures. On day 12, saliva and plaque samples were again collected and microbiological quantification performed. The procedures were repeated with the alternate rinse after a 1-week washout period.Results: The essential oil mouthrinse produced respective reductions of 69.9% and 75.4% in total recoverable streptococci and in S. mutans in plaque, and corresponding reductions of 50.8% and 39.2% in saliva. The in vitro study revealed that streptococci from the mutans group were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of the essential oil mouthrinse than streptococci from the mitis group.Conclusions: As antimicrobial mouthrinses are most frequently recommended to patients whose mechanical oral hygiene procedures are not adequate for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis, this study provides an additional rationale for the inclusion of the essential-oil mouthrinse as an adjunct to daily oral hygiene procedures.

Electronic Resource

0047-2484

Aborigine ; Asiatic Indian ; Eskimo ; Mastication ; dental wear ; diet ; race ; striations

Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002

Biology

Electronic Resource

1600-051X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract Although the mechanism responsible for the clinical antiplaque efficacy of oral antiseptics is generally considered to be primarily one of bactericidal activity, it has been suggested that oral antiseptics may have additional effects on bacteria exposed to sublethal levels. Studies reported herein, investigated the effects of sublethal levels of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic, Warner-Lambert Co., Morris Plains. NJ) on selected activities of representative plaque microorganisms using in vitro models. These studies demonstrated that sublethal exposure to the tested oral antiseptic can have significant effects in reducing intergeneric coaggregation, increasing bacterial generation time, and extracting endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria. These in vitro activities can be correlated with features of plaque formation and pathogenicity seen in vivo: however, additional studies will be necessary to confirm that these mechanisms are, in fact, operative clinically.

Electronic Resource

1600-051X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Objectives: Two studies were conducted to determine the antimicrobial effect of rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12 h after a single rinse and 12 h after 2 weeks of twice daily rinsing, during the daytime and overnight.Materials and Methods: These studies utilized a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover design. Following baseline sampling of bacteria from supragingival plaque and the dorsum of the tongue, subjects began twice-daily rinsing with either an essential oil mouth rinse containing 0.09% zinc chloride (Tartar Control Listerine® Antiseptic) or a negative control rinse. Bacterial sampling was repeated 12 h after the first rinse, and again 12 h after the final rinse 14 days later. The sampling schedule was adjusted according to whether the study was investigating daytime or overnight activity. Samples were plated on Schaedlers medium (total anaerobes), Schaedlers Nalidixic/Vancomycin medium (Gram-negative anaerobes), and OOPS medium (volatile sulphur compound (VSC)-producing organisms). Inter-group log10 transformed colony-forming units /ml counts from samples of supragingival plaque and tongue swabs on each of the three media were compared by analysis of covariance.Results: The mean bacterial counts in subjects using the essential oil mouth rinse were significantly lower (p〈inlineGraphic alt="leqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:03036979:JCPE674:les" location="les.gif"/〉0.005) than mean counts in subjects using the control rinse in all the comparisons, i.e., tongue and supragingival plaque samples on each of three media at two sampling periods in the daytime and overnight study, respectively. Mean bacterial count percent reductions for plaque samples ranged from 56.3 to 95.3; percent reductions for tongue samples ranged from 61.1 to 96.1. There was a trend to higher reductions after 14 days' rinsing than after the initial rinse.Conclusion: Rinsing with the essential oil mouth rinse can have long-lasting effects in reducing anaerobic bacteria overall as well as Gram-negative anaerobes and VSC-producing bacteria. The significant reductions in numbers of these bacteria produced by the essential oil mouth rinse, both in plaque and on the dorsum of the tongue, can play a key role in explaining the essential oil mouth rinse's effectiveness in reducing supragingival plaque and gingivitis as well as its effectiveness in controlling intrinsic oral malodor over prolonged periods.

Electronic Resource

1600-051X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Abstract Plaque was collected from a group of volunteers who used either Listerine antiseptic (LA), its vehicle control (V), or a water control (C) twice daily in addition to their normal tooth brushing in a double-blind controlled clinical experiment. Following the 9-monlh clinical study, plaque collected from the supragingival surfaces of 20 teeth from each of 78 subjects was weighed wet, freeze dried. reweighed, resuspended, sonicated and estimated for protein. In addition, endotoxin activity was evaluated by means of the limulus lysate assay. A 52.6% reduction in wet weight was found LA versus C (p= 0.04); LA versus V showed a 55.1% reduction (p= 0.03). A 59.0% reduction in dry weight was found LA versus C (p= 0.01); LA versus V showed a 59.6% reduction (p= 0.01). A 59.7% reduction in plaque protein was seen LA versus C (p= 0.01); LA versus V showed a 59.2% decrease (p= 0.02). A 75.8% reduction in limulus lysate activity was found LA versus C (p= 0.01); LA versus V showed u decrease of 77.9% (p= 0.01). Our results demonstrate that LA has a dramatic effect on plaque toxic activity, as measured by a decrease in limulus lysate assay, as well as on its biomass.

Electronic Resource

1600-051X

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background: Bacteria contained in biofilms have been shown to have a decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents compared to those in planktonic form. Thus, in vitro biofilm models have been developed for screening oral antimicrobial formulations in an effort to produce findings more predictive of clinical activity. This study compared the antimicrobial activity of three mouthrinse formulations when tested against isogenic strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), one of which was a clinical isolate which forms tenacious biofilms in vitro and the other of which was a spontaneous variant which always grows planktonically.Method: Biofilm-forming Aa strains CU1000 and NJ4300, obtained as clinical isolates, and their respective spontaneous planktonic variants, CU1060 and NJ4350, were grown under standard laboratory conditions and exposed for 15 s to either a negative control (phosphate buffered saline [PBS]), an essential-oil containing mouthrinse (Listerine® Antiseptic [LA]), an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse (Meridol®[M]), or a triclosan and PVM/MA copolymer-containing mouthrinse (Plax®[P]). The cells were then washed, serially diluted, plated, and incubated for enumeration of viable bacteria. Colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were log10 transformed and the mouthrinse groups were compared to the PBS group using analysis of variance.Results: All 3 mouthrinses produced statisically significant 99.99% reductions (p〈inlineGraphic alt="leqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:03036979:JCPE280714:les" location="les.gif"/〉0.0001) in both planktonic strains compared to the PBS control. Effects on the biofilm forms of the organisms were more variable. Exposure to LA produced statistically significant (p〈inlineGraphic alt="leqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:03036979:JCPE280714:les" location="les.gif"/〉0.0001) reductions in strains CU1000 and NJ4300 of 98.20% and 96.47%, respectively, compared to PBS. M and P produced much smaller reductions which were not statistically significant.Conclusions: The results of this study, in which antimicrobial mouthrinses were tested against biofilm-forming and planktonic strains of the same organism, provide a clear demonstration of the resistance to antimicrobial agents conferred by biofilm formation and provide additional support for employing tests using biofilms to more accurately assess the relative activities of antiplaque agents in vitro.

Electronic Resource