Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:C. C. Chuang)

2013-08-06

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Line ; Globosides/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Glucosylceramides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Glycosphingolipids/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; *Glycosylation ; Golgi Apparatus/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; trans-Golgi Network/metabolism

2018-10-09

The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

0022-3565

1521-0103

Medicine

0009-2614

Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Physics

Electronic Resource

1432-0894

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Geosciences

Physics

Abstract  An atmospheric general circulation model is coupled to an atmospheric chemistry model to calculate the radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols. The latter aerosols result from biomass burning as well as fossil fuel burning. The black carbon associated with carbonaceous aerosols is absorbant and can decrease the amount of reflected radiation at the top-of-the-atmosphere. In contrast, sulfate aerosols are reflectant and the amount of reflected radiation depends nonlinearly on the relative humidity. We examine the importance of treating the range of optical properties associated with sulfate aerosol at high relative humidities and find that the direct forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols can decrease from −0.81 W m-2 to −0.55 Wm-2 if grid box average relative humidity is not allowed to increase above 90%. The climate forcing associated with fossil fuel emissions of carbonaceous aerosols is calculated to range from +0.16 to +0.20 Wm-2, depending on how much organic carbon is associated with the black carbon from fossil fuel burning. The direct forcing of carbonaceous aerosols associated with biomass burning is calculated to range from −0.23 to −0.16 Wm-2. The pattern of forcing by carbonaceous aerosols depends on both the surface albedo and the presence of clouds. Multiple scattering associated with clouds and high surface albedos can change the forcing from negative to positive.

Electronic Resource

0271-2091

Bi-conjugate gradient method ; Second moment turbulent closure compressible ; Separated flow ; Convergence behaviour ; Engineering ; Engineering General

Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Variants of the bi-conjugate gradient (Bi-CG) method are used to resolve the problem of slow convergence in CFD when it is applied to complex flow field simulation using higher-order turbulence models. In this study the Navier-Stokes and Reynolds stress transport equations are discretized with an implicit, total variation diminishing (TVD), finite volume formulation. The preconditioning technique of incomplete lower-upper (ILU) factorization is incorporated into the conjugate gradient square (CGS), bi-conjugate gradient stable (Bi-CGSTAB) and transpose-free quasi-minimal residual (TFQMR) algorithms to accelerate convergence of the overall itertive methods. Computations have been carried out for separated flow fields over transonic bumps, supersonic bases and supersonic compression corners. By comparisons of the convergence rate with each other and with the conventional approximate factorization (AF) method it is shown that the Bi-CGSTAB method gives the most efficient convergence rate among these methods and can speed up the CPU time by a factor of 2·4-6·5 as compared with the AF method. Moreover, the AF method may yield somewhat different results from variants of the Bi-CG method owing to the factorization error which introduces a higher level of convergence criterion.

16 Ill.

Electronic Resource