Search Results - International Ophthalmology

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2021-12-18), p. 1858-1867

AIM: To investigate the retinal vascular network alterations in eyes of patients with pterygium. METHODS: Totally 18 left eyes from 18 female pterygium patients and 18 left eyes from 18 female healthy control subjects were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images were generated of the superficial retinal layer and deeper retinal layer of the macular retina for each eye. The microvascular (MIR) and macrovascular (MAR) densities were calculated and MIR, MAR, and total microvascular (TMI) density was compared in the healthy control and pterygium groups. RESULTS: In pterygium group, in the superficial retinal layer, the vascular density in superficial MIR, superior right (SR), inferior right (IR), right (R), superficial central annuli (SC)1, SC2, and SC3 decreased significantly in the macular area (P 〈 0.05). Furthermore, the vascular density in all those decreased regions except R, was significantly and negatively correlated with the disease course (r=-0.6038 to -0.7762, P=0.0008), and the area size of pterygium (r=-0.6043 to -0.9508, P 〈 0.05). For the deeper retinal layer, the density of deep total microvessel (DTMI), deeper MIR, SR, IR, R, DC2, and DC3 decreased significantly in macular area of pterygium patients (P 〈 0.05). Furthermore, the vascular density in all those decreased regions was significantly and negatively correlated with the disease course (r=-0.6901 to -0.7795, P=0.0015), and the area size of pterygium (r=-0.6043 to -0.9563, P 〈 0.05). No statistically significant differences and correlation was found in other region density (|r| 〈 0.47, P 〉 0.05). CONCLUSION: OCTA findings suggest that pterygium patients present with decreased retinal MIR density, and the major vascular alterations occurr mainly on the bitamporal side. The vascular density of the superficial SC1, SC2, SC3 adjacent to the foveal and deep layer of DC2, DC2 regions, significantly decreased.

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2021

2663246-9

Journal of Nepal Medical Association, Journal of Nepal Medical Association (JNMA), Vol. 59, No. 244 ( 2021-12-11), p. 1219-1224

Introduction: Due to the ongoing coronavirus disease 2021 pandemic and lockdown, eye care services have been compromised globally. The magnitude of ocular diseases across all populations in Nepal are few and far between and rare during this pandemic. This study was aimed to find out the prevalence of ocular morbidity among patients visiting the department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital during the pandemic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients visiting thedepartment of Ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital from 18 August 2021 to 30 September 2021. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference: 078/079-023). Convenience sampling was done. Basic demographic data, clinical characteristics, visual status and prevalence of ocular morbidities were noted. Data entry was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: Out of 650 study subjects examined, 454 (69.8%) (66-73.0 at 95% Confidence Interval) study subjects had at least one ocular morbidity in at least one eye. Refractive error 153 (33.7%) was the commonest ocular morbidity followed by headache 52 (11.5%), dry eyes 50 (11%), non-communicable diseases related ocular morbidity 41 (9%), and age related cataract 37 (8.1%). Conclusions: The prevalence of ocular morbidity in our study was higher than findings from other similar studies done at national and international levels, though the causes of ocular morbidity was similar.

Online Resource

1815-672X, 0028-2715

Undetermined

Journal of Nepal Medical Association (JNMA)

2021

2209910-4

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 14 ( 2022-07-14), p. 8593-

Australia has one of the lowest per capita numbers of ophthalmologists among OECD countries, and they predominantly practise in metropolitan centres of the country. Increasing the size and distribution of the ophthalmology workforce is of critical importance. The objective of this review was to investigate the context of rural ophthalmology training and practise in Australia and how they relate to future ophthalmology workforce development. This scoping review was informed by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and the methodology described by Coloqhuon et al. The search yielded 428 articles, of which 261 were screened for eligibility. Following the screening, a total of 75 articles were included in the study. Themes identified relating to rural ophthalmology training and practise included: Indigenous eye health; access and utilisation of ophthalmology-related services; service delivery models for ophthalmic care; ophthalmology workforce demographics; and ophthalmology workforce education and training for rural and remote practise. With an anticipated undersupply and maldistribution of ophthalmologists in the coming decade, efforts to improve training must focus on how to build a sizeable, fit-for-purpose workforce to address eye health needs across Australia. More research focusing on ophthalmology workforce distribution is needed to help identify evidence-based solutions for workforce maldistribution. Several strategies to better prepare the future ophthalmology workforce for rural practise were identified, including incorporating telehealth into ophthalmology training settings; collaborating with other health workers, especially optometrists and specialist nurses in eyecare delivery; and exposing trainees to more patients of Indigenous background.

Online Resource

1660-4601

English

MDPI AG

2022

2175195-X

Acta Médica Portuguesa, Ordem dos Medicos, Vol. 33, No. 10 ( 2020-10-01), p. 640-648

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide objective and real-life data concerning the impact of the COVID-19 pandemicon ophthalmology residency training in Portugal.Material and Methods: Descriptive survey-based study applied to current Portuguese ophthalmology residents (n = 80 eligible).Results: Seventy-five residents participated (94% response rate). All except one (99%) admitted a change in their routine clinical practice during the pandemic, and most (89%) continued to be engaged in ophthalmology department duties. Twenty-five percent were deployed to COVID-19 units, which was combined with ophthalmological activities in about half of them (47%). A significant proportion of participants stated that they were enrolled in the following ophthalmological activities: emergency/inpatient care (87%), outpatient visits (73%; general 70% vs subspecialty 29%), and surgical procedures (64%). Twenty-five percent did not assist in any outpatient visits and 36% did not participate in any surgical procedures. On a scale from 1 (no impact) to 5 (maximum impact), most participants classified their perceived negative impact of the pandemic on the training program as 3 (24%), 4 (40%), or 5 (27%). Participants highly agreed with the extension of the residency program (80%) in order to to make up for training disruption.Discussion: Most trainees provided ophthalmological care during the pandemic. However, those clinical activities were essentially related to general and emergency care. Surgical experience was significantly curtailed. As such, strategies are needed to guarantee a high-quality learning process. Further studies are required to develop an international perspective on how ophthalmology training programs have been affected so that educational organizations can make recommendations regarding standardized adjustments to training programs.Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the training of ophthalmology residents nationwide.

Online Resource

1646-0758, 0870-399X

Undetermined

Ordem dos Medicos

2020

2133563-1

Journal of Ophthalmology, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2016 ( 2016), p. 1-9

Purpose . To document the changing clinical presentation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) over a decade, the current knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) of known type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, and the current vision related quality of life (VR-QOL) of patients with DR in a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India. Methods . Two hundred and forty patients with known type-2 DM were evaluated. The evaluation included status of DR ( n = 240 ), KAP ( n = 232 ), and VR-QOL ( n = 75 ). International classification of DR was used in the study. The DR status was compared with another cohort ( n = 472 ) examined a decade earlier, in year 2001. The KAP-25 questions were designed after literature review. The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ; including optional items) was validated by Rasch analysis. Both KAP and VR-QOL were analyzed according to degree of DR, duration of known DM, and educational qualification. Results . Average age of the current cohort ( n = 240 ) was 57.16 ± 9.03 years; there were 205 (85.4%) male patients and 143 (59.6%) patients had received less than graduate qualification. The mean duration of DM since diagnosis was 10 ± 7.8 months (range 8 months to 30 years); 118 (49.16%) patients had DR. In a decade time, 2001 to 2011, there was a change of retinopathy status at presentation (more often nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, NPDR). One-third of NPDR patients had poor vision and half of them were hypertensive. KAP was better in patients with higher education and those having DR. VFQ score was higher in better seeing patients. Conclusion . Patients currently presenting at earlier stage of retinopathy are probably related to poor vision. Early detection and treatment of DR is likely to preserve and/or improve vision.

Online Resource

2090-004X, 2090-0058

English

Hindawi Limited

2016

2546525-9

Journal of Ophthalmology, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2018 ( 2018-09-10), p. 1-6

Entropy images, representing the complexity of original fundus photographs, may strengthen the contrast between diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions and unaffected areas. The aim of this study is to compare the detection performance for severe DR between original fundus photographs and entropy images by deep learning. A sample of 21,123 interpretable fundus photographs obtained from a publicly available data set was expanded to 33,000 images by rotating and flipping. All photographs were transformed into entropy images using block size 9 and downsized to a standard resolution of 100 × 100 pixels. The stages of DR are classified into 5 grades based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale: Grade 0 (no DR), Grade 1 (mild nonproliferative DR), Grade 2 (moderate nonproliferative DR), Grade 3 (severe nonproliferative DR), and Grade 4 (proliferative DR). Of these 33,000 photographs, 30,000 images were randomly selected as the training set, and the remaining 3,000 images were used as the testing set. Both the original fundus photographs and the entropy images were used as the inputs of convolutional neural network (CNN), and the results of detecting referable DR (Grades 2–4) as the outputs from the two data sets were compared. The detection accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of using the original fundus photographs data set were 81.80%, 68.36%, 89.87%, respectively, for the entropy images data set, and the figures significantly increased to 86.10%, 73.24%, and 93.81%, respectively (all p values 〈 0.001). The entropy image quantifies the amount of information in the fundus photograph and efficiently accelerates the generating of feature maps in the CNN. The research results draw the conclusion that transformed entropy imaging of fundus photographs can increase the machinery detection accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of referable DR for the deep learning-based system.

Online Resource

2090-004X, 2090-0058

English

Hindawi Limited

2018

2546525-9

Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, Wiley, Vol. 29, No. 2 ( 2001-04), p. 64-67

Purpose : To determine the quality of single‐piece, all‐ polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses (IOLs) from eight generic manufacturers marketing their product in India. This assessment of quality was made with respect to compliance with international standards for the manufacture of IOLs, specifically those parameters most likely to affect patient postoperative visual acuity and the long‐term biocompatibility of the implanted lens. Methods : Ten IOLs from each of eight manufacturers were purchased randomly from commercial retail outlets in India. Each IOL, in a masked fashion, had its physical dimensions, optical performance and cosmetic appearance assessed, using the methods prescribed in ISO 11979‐2 and 11979‐3. Validation of manufacturing process controls were determined by statistical process control techniques. Four IOLs from each manufacturer were also tested for the presence of unpolymerized PMMA using gas chromatography. Results : Only lenses from two IOL manufacturers complied with the optical and mechanical standards. All other manufacturers’ lenses failed one or more of these tests. Intra‐ocular lenses from only two producers met with surface quality and bulk homogeneity standards. All others exhibited defects such as surface contamination and scratches, poor polishing, and chipped or rough positioning holes. Lenses from two producers exhibited high levels of methylmethacrylate monomer (MMA). Conclusions : Non‐clinical grade PMMA starting material may have been used in the manufacture of IOLs by some producers. Critical manufacturing defects occurred in the IOLs from five of the eight producers tested. Only one manufacturer's IOLs met all specifications, and on statistical analysis demonstrated good manufacturing process control with respect to the properties tested. With the widespread acceptance of IOL implantation in developing countries, such as India, it is essential that in the rush to make this the norm, the quality of implants used not be overlooked.

Online Resource

1442-6404, 1442-9071

English

Wiley

2001

2094910-8

Journal of Ophthalmology, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2016 ( 2016), p. 1-10

Aim . To examine subscale and total scores of NEI-VFQ questionnaire of type 2 diabetes patients at different diabetic retinopathy (DRP) stages. Methods . A total number of 201 patients have been included. Prior to ophthalmological examination all patients participated in the NEI-VFQ questionnaire. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ICDRS). Results . The diabetes duration in general health scores ( p = 0.029 ); the stage ( p = 0.011 ); and clinically significant macular edema (CSME) ( p = 0.019 ) in general vision were found to be the most efficient factors. In near vision activities the most efficient factors were near vision acuity (NVA) ( p = 0.0001 ) and DRP stage ( p = 0.020 ). EDTRS visual acuity was found to be the most efficient factor in vision specific role difficulties ( p = 0.034 ) and dependency ( p = 0.011 ) whereas Snellen visual acuity was found to be among the most effective factors in distance activities (DA) ( p = 0.014 ) and total scores ( p = 0.026 ). Discussion . Difference was based not on the diabetes duration, clinically significant cataract (CSCat), CSME presence, and DRP stage but on the visual acuity levels of the better seeing eye of the patients.

Online Resource

2090-004X, 2090-0058

English

Hindawi Limited

2016

2546525-9

Veterinary Ophthalmology, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. S1 ( 2021-03), p. 96-108

To examine the use of prophylactic anti‐glaucoma medications in the normotensive fellow eye in dogs with unilateral overt primary glaucoma by veterinary ophthalmology clinicians. Methods A survey of veterinary ophthalmology clinicians was distributed over two international list serves servicing veterinary ophthalmologists, trainees, and individuals whose practice consisted primarily of ophthalmic patients. The survey was developed following analysis of historical and currently available medical options for control of intraocular pressure and for neuroprotection. Results Responses from 199 veterinary ophthalmology clinicians were evaluated. While a large variety of topical anti‐hypertensive drugs and protocols were used, the most commonly used medications were aqueous humor production suppressors such as dorzolamide 2.0% ophthalmic solution, timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution, and a combination product containing both drugs. Latanoprost 0.005% ophthalmic solution was used infrequently for prophylaxis by comparison. The majority of respondents do not use concurrent anti‐inflammatory medications (61.22%), although a sizeable minority used prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, or ketorolac as prophylactic treatment. Systemically administered ocular anti‐hypertensive agents were rarely used. Only 40% of respondents used neuroprotectant agents; the most commonly prescribed were the calcium channel blocker amlodipine and the nutraceutical Ocu‐Glo™. Recommended intervals between re‐examination by the clinician ranged from one month to one year, with most re‐evaluations occurring every 3 to 6 months. The majority of respondents recommended more frequent assessments of IOP at intervals between once monthly and once every 3 months. Conclusions Data analysis of medical therapy for the normotensive fellow eye of dogs previously diagnosed with primary glaucoma suggests that there is a great need for well‐designed, prospective, controlled, multi‐center studies to determine which protocols have the greatest efficacy in delaying an overt attack in the previously normotensive eye in dogs with a genetic predisposition to glaucoma. Prospective studies utilizing a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as dorzolamide and a prostaglandin analogue such as latanoprost would be reasonable as these two drugs are widely used in the treatment of overt glaucoma and would allow for an exploration of the impact of different mechanisms of action of lowering IOP on the pathophysiology of primary glaucoma.

Online Resource

1463-5216, 1463-5224

English

Wiley

2021

2011043-1

22

Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2020-10-19)

The aim of this study was to conduct a nationwide survey of the use of emergency ophthalmology services using a sub-dataset of one million beneficiaries sampled from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) for the years 2008 through 2012. By analyzing this population dataset, the study illustrates the disease landscape of emergency eye care services. The five-year, one-million-person NHIRD sub-dataset for 2008 through 2012 was used to explore emergency visits and ophthalmology specialty visits and to analyze the associated demographics and diagnosis codes based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Diagnoses were categorized into three groups: urgent, non-urgent, and intermediate. A total of 2454 emergency eye care visits were identified. The mean age of the patients who made these visits was 34.6 years old, and their sex ratio was 1.36 men to women. The percentages of urgent, non-urgent, and intermediate eye care visits in this study were 48.2%, 30.9%, and 20.9%, respectively. The leading diagnoses in the urgent category were corneal abrasions, foreign bodies in the eyes, eye burns, and blunt eye injuries. The leading diagnoses for the non-urgent visits were conjunctivitis, subconjunctival hemorrhages, trichiasis, and dry eye disease. Those for the intermediate category were superficial punctate keratitis, corneal opacity and degeneration, and lid, orbital, and lacrimal drainage infections. The urgent visit category accounted for nearly half of all the visits identified in this study. Compared to outpatient department visitors, the emergency ophthalmology service patients were younger and more predominantly male. These results were consistent with those of previous reports. Low copays have made emergency ophthalmology services highly accessible in Taiwan. However, future policies can be designed to more effectively allocate resources to urgent cases.

Online Resource

2045-2322

English

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

2020

2615211-3

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Wiley, Vol. 41, No. 3 ( 2021-05), p. 623-629

To assess the diversity of leadership bodies of member organisations of the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and the World Council of Optometry (WCO) in terms of: (1) the proportion who are women in all world regions, and (2) the proportion who are ethnic minority women and men in Eurocentric high‐income regions. Methods We undertook a cross‐sectional study of board members and chairs of ICO and WCO member organisations using a desk‐based assessment of member organisation websites during February and March 2020. Gender and ethnicity of board members and chairs were collected using a combination of validated algorithmic software and manual assessment, based on names and photographs where available. Gender proportions were calculated across Global Burden of Disease super‐regions, and gender and ethnicity proportions in the high‐income regions of Australasia, North America and Western Europe. Results Globally, approximately one in three board members were women for both ICO (34%) and WCO (35%) members, and one in three ICO (32%) and one in five WCO (22%) chairpersons were women. Women held at least 50% of posts in only three of the 26 (12%) leadership structures assessed; these were based in Latin America and the Caribbean (59% of WCO board positions held by women, and 56% of WCO chairs), and Southeast Asia, East Asia and Oceania (55% of ICO chairs). In the Eurocentric high‐income regions, white men held more than half of all board (56%) and chair (58%) positions and white women held a further quarter of positions (26% of board and 27% of chair positions). Ethnic minority women held the fewest number of board (6%) and chair (7%) positions. Conclusions Improvements in gender parity are needed in member organisations of the WCO and ICO across all world regions. In high‐income regions, efforts to address inequity at the intersection of gender and ethnicity are also needed. Potential strategies to enable inclusive leadership must be centred on structurally enabled diversity and inclusion goals to support the professional progression of women, and people from ethnic minorities in global optometry and ophthalmology.

Online Resource

0275-5408, 1475-1313

English

Wiley

2021

2008422-5

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), ( 2016-06-18)

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2016

2663246-9

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), ( 2016-11-18)

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2016

2663246-9

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), ( 2017-12-18)

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2017

2663246-9

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-7-18), p. 1017-1022

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2020

2663246-9

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), ( 2016-03-18)

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2016

2663246-9

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 7, No. 8 ( 2018-07-23), p. 1512-

Background: Drug utilization studies are an important part of rational use of drugs. Assessment of drug use pattern especially in developing countries is becoming increasingly necessary to promote the rational use of drugs. This study was planned to prospectively assess the drug utilization pattern in Ophthalmology outpatient department at KBN teaching and General hospital.Methods: After approval from Ethics Committee, the prescriptions of 1000 outpatients were analyzed using a predesigned form to record information from the OPD prescriptions. Mentioned WHO drug use indicators and additional indices were analyzed: Average number of drugs per prescription, number of encounters with antibiotics, percentage of encounters with injections, percentage of drugs prescribed by their generic names, percentage of drugs prescribed from the National Essential Drug List (NEDL), etc.Results: Prescription analysis showed that the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.6. The drugs were prescribed in the several forms, predominant dosage form been topical eye drops (69.58%) followed by tablets (11.98%), ointments (10.17%) and capsules (6.6%). The ‘dosage form’ was indicated for all of the drugs prescribed, the ‘frequency’ of drug administration was present in 96.5% of the drugs, and the duration of treatment for 82% of the drugs prescribed. Topical Antimicrobial agents were the most commonly prescribed drugs. followed by anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic, lubricants, anti-glaucoma drugs, etc. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from NEDL was 7.98% and 55 % respectively.Conclusions: The prescription writing errors were less, however, there was very low generic prescribing and inadequate information about the duration of therapy in many prescriptions. Generic prescribing can be improved. Duration of therapy should be mentioned in all prescriptions. It is essential that appropriate guidelines on the use of topical antimicrobials are required to ensure rational prescribing.

Online Resource

2279-0780, 2319-2003

Undetermined

Medip Academy

2018

2681376-2

15,3

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2018-01-23), p. 315-

Background: Drug therapy is a major component of patient care management in health care settings. Irrational and inappropriate use of drugs in health care system observed globally is being a major concern. In the field of ophthalmology, there have been many drug developments and different classes of drugs with combinational products are available in ophthalmology for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Periodic prescription analysis in the form of drug utilization study can improve the quality of prescription and curb the menace of irrational prescribing. Aim and objectives were to study the prescribing pattern and drug utilization trends in Ophthalmology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai.Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted over a period of six months in Ophthalmology department of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Navi-Mumbai. A total of 103 adult patients visiting Ophthalmology OPD for curative symptoms were included and their prescriptions were analyzed with WHO prescribing indicators and additional indices.Results: Analysis showed that the average number of drugs per prescription was 1.9. Percentage of drugs prescribed by brand was 100 % versus generic 0 %. Percentage of drugs prescribed from National Essential drug list (NEDL) was 53%. The percentage of encounters with antibiotics was 30.6%. The commonest prescribed drugs were ocular lubricants followed by antibiotics. Eye drops were the commonest prescribed dosage form.Conclusions: Ocular lubricants and antibiotics dominated the prescribing pattern in this study with restraint on polypharmacy, but showed ample scope for improvement in encouraging the ophthalmologist to prescribe generic and selection of essential drugs.

Online Resource

2279-0780, 2319-2003

Undetermined

Medip Academy

2018

2681376-2

15,3

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), ( 2018-9-18)

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2018

2663246-9

International Journal of Ophthalmology, Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press), Vol. 16, No. 9 ( 2023-9-18), p. 1357-1360

Online Resource

2222-3959, 2227-4898

Undetermined

Press of International Journal of Ophthalmology (IJO Press)

2023

2663246-9