Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:P. Levitt)

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  1. 1
    Staff View
    Publication Date:
    2018-02-27
    Publisher:
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Electronic ISSN:
    1525-2027
    Topics:
    Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Geosciences
    Physics
    Published by:
    Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press
  2. 2
    J. A. Miller ; S. L. Ding ; S. M. Sunkin ; K. A. Smith ; L. Ng ; A. Szafer ; A. Ebbert ; Z. L. Riley ; J. J. Royall ; K. Aiona ; J. M. Arnold ; C. Bennet ; D. Bertagnolli ; K. Brouner ; S. Butler ; S. Caldejon ; A. Carey ; C. Cuhaciyan ; R. A. Dalley ; N. Dee ; T. A. Dolbeare ; B. A. Facer ; D. Feng ; T. P. Fliss ; G. Gee ; J. Goldy ; L. Gourley ; B. W. Gregor ; G. Gu ; R. E. Howard ; J. M. Jochim ; C. L. Kuan ; C. Lau ; C. K. Lee ; F. Lee ; T. A. Lemon ; P. Lesnar ; B. McMurray ; N. Mastan ; N. Mosqueda ; T. Naluai-Cecchini ; N. K. Ngo ; J. Nyhus ; A. Oldre ; E. Olson ; J. Parente ; P. D. Parker ; S. E. Parry ; A. Stevens ; M. Pletikos ; M. Reding ; K. Roll ; D. Sandman ; M. Sarreal ; S. Shapouri ; N. V. Shapovalova ; E. H. Shen ; N. Sjoquist ; C. R. Slaughterbeck ; M. Smith ; A. J. Sodt ; D. Williams ; L. Zollei ; B. Fischl ; M. B. Gerstein ; D. H. Geschwind ; I. A. Glass ; M. J. Hawrylycz ; R. F. Hevner ; H. Huang ; A. R. Jones ; J. A. Knowles ; P. Levitt ; J. W. Phillips ; N. Sestan ; P. Wohnoutka ; C. Dang ; A. Bernard ; J. G. Hohmann ; E. S. Lein
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Published 2014
    Staff View
    Publication Date:
    2014-04-04
    Publisher:
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Print ISSN:
    0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN:
    1476-4687
    Topics:
    Biology
    Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Medicine
    Natural Sciences in General
    Physics
    Keywords:
    Anatomy, Artistic ; Animals ; Atlases as Topic ; Brain/embryology/*metabolism ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Fetus/cytology/embryology/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; Neocortex/embryology/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; *Transcriptome
    Published by:
    Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press
  3. 3
    A. Bonnin ; N. Goeden ; K. Chen ; M. L. Wilson ; J. King ; J. C. Shih ; R. D. Blakely ; E. S. Deneris ; P. Levitt
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Published 2011
    Staff View
    Publication Date:
    2011-04-23
    Publisher:
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Print ISSN:
    0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN:
    1476-4687
    Topics:
    Biology
    Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Medicine
    Natural Sciences in General
    Physics
    Keywords:
    Animals ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Female ; Fetus/embryology/*metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange/*physiology ; Mice ; Placenta/*metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Prosencephalon/*embryology/*metabolism ; Raphe Nuclei/cytology ; Rhombencephalon/embryology/metabolism ; Serotonin/analysis/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics
    Published by:
    Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press
  4. 4
    The Brainstorm Consortium, Anttila, V., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Walters, R. K., Bras, J., Duncan, L., Escott-Price, V., Falcone, G. J., Gormley, P., Malik, R., Patsopoulos, N. A., Ripke, S., Wei, Z., Yu, D., Lee, P. H., Turley, P., Grenier-Boley, B., Chouraki, V., Kamatani, Y., Berr, C., Letenneur, L., Hannequin, D., Amouyel, P., Boland, A., Deleuze, J.-F., Duron, E., Vardarajan, B. N., Reitz, C., Goate, A. M., Huentelman, M. J., Kamboh, M. I., Larson, E. B., Rogaeva, E., St George-Hyslop, P., Hakonarson, H., Kukull, W. A., Farrer, L. A., Barnes, L. L., Beach, T. G., Demirci, F. Y., Head, E., Hulette, C. M., Jicha, G. A., Kauwe, J. S. K., Kaye, J. A., Leverenz, J. B., Levey, A. I., Lieberman, A. P., Pankratz, V. S., Poon, W. W., Quinn, J. F., Saykin, A. J., Schneider, L. S., Smith, A. G., Sonnen, J. A., Stern, R. A., Van Deerlin, V. M., Van Eldik, L. J., Harold, D., Russo, G., Rubinsztein, D. C., Bayer, A., Tsolaki, M., Proitsi, P., Fox, N. C., Hampel, H., Owen, M. J., Mead, S., Passmore, P., Morgan, K., Nöthen, M. M., Rossor, M., Lupton, M. K., Hoffmann, P., Kornhuber, J., Lawlor, B., McQuillin, A., Al-Chalabi, A., Bis, J. C., Ruiz, A., Boada, M., Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Rice, K., van der Lee, S. J., De Jager, P. L., Geschwind, D. H., Riemenschneider, M., Riedel-Heller, S., Rotter, J. I., Ransmayr, G., Hyman, B. T., Cruchaga, C., Alegret, M., Winsvold, B., Palta, P., Farh, K.-H., Cuenca-Leon, E., Furlotte, N., Kurth, T., Ligthart, L., Terwindt, G. M., Freilinger, T., Ran, C., Gordon, S. D., Borck, G., Adams, H. H. H., Lehtimäki, T., Wedenoja, J., Buring, J. E., Schürks, M., Hrafnsdottir, M., Hottenga, J.-J., Penninx, B., Artto, V., Kaunisto, M., Vepsäläinen, S., Martin, N. G., Montgomery, G. W., Kurki, M. I., Hämäläinen, E., Huang, H., Huang, J., Sandor, C., Webber, C., Muller-Myhsok, B., Schreiber, S., Salomaa, V., Loehrer, E., Göbel, H., Macaya, A., Pozo-Rosich, P., Hansen, T., Werge, T., Kaprio, J., Metspalu, A., Kubisch, C., Ferrari, M. D., Belin, A. C., van den Maagdenberg, A. M. J. M., Zwart, J.-A., Boomsma, D., Eriksson, N., Olesen, J., Chasman, D. I., Nyholt, D. R., Avbersek, A., Baum, L., Berkovic, S., Bradfield, J., Buono, R., Catarino, C. B., Cossette, P., De Jonghe, P., Depondt, C., Dlugos, D., Ferraro, T. N., French, J., Hjalgrim, H., Jamnadas-Khoda, J., Kälviäinen, R., Kunz, W. S., Lerche, H., Leu, C., Lindhout, D., Lo, W., Lowenstein, D., McCormack, M., Moller, R. S., Molloy, A., Ng, P.-W., Oliver, K., Privitera, M., Radtke, R., Ruppert, A.-K., Sander, T., Schachter, S., Schankin, C., Scheffer, I., Schoch, S., Sisodiya, S. M., Smith, P., Sperling, M., Striano, P., Surges, R., Thomas, G. N., Visscher, F., Whelan, C. D., Zara, F., Heinzen, E. L., Marson, A., Becker, F., Stroink, H., Zimprich, F., Gasser, T., Gibbs, R., Heutink, P., Martinez, M., Morris, H. R., Sharma, M., Ryten, M., Mok, K. Y., Pulit, S., Bevan, S., Holliday, E., Attia, J., Battey, T., Boncoraglio, G., Thijs, V., Chen, W.-M., Mitchell, B., Rothwell, P., Sharma, P., Sudlow, C., Vicente, A., Markus, H., Kourkoulis, C., Pera, J., Raffeld, M., Silliman, S., Boraska Perica, V., Thornton, L. M., Huckins, L. M., William Rayner, N., Lewis, C. M., Gratacos, M., Rybakowski, F., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Raevuori, A., Hudson, J. I., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Monteleone, P., Karwautz, A., Mannik, K., Baker, J. H., OToole, J. K., Trace, S. E., Davis, O. S. P., Helder, S. G., Ehrlich, S., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Danner, U. N., van Elburg, A. A., Clementi, M., Forzan, M., Docampo, E., Lissowska, J., Hauser, J., Tortorella, A., Maj, M., Gonidakis, F., Tziouvas, K., Papezova, H., Yilmaz, Z., Wagner, G., Cohen-Woods, S., Herms, S., Julia, A., Rabionet, R., Dick, D. M., Ripatti, S., Andreassen, O. A., Espeseth, T., Lundervold, A. J., Steen, V. M., Pinto, D., Scherer, S. W., Aschauer, H., Schosser, A., Alfredsson, L., Padyukov, L., Halmi, K. A., Mitchell, J., Strober, M., Bergen, A. W., Kaye, W., Szatkiewicz, J. P., Cormand, B., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Sanchez-Mora, C., Ribases, M., Casas, M., Hervas, A., Arranz, M. J., Haavik, J., Zayats, T., Johansson, S., Williams, N., Dempfle, A., Rothenberger, A., Kuntsi, J., Oades, R. D., Banaschewski, T., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., Arias Vasquez, A., Doyle, A. E., Reif, A., Lesch, K.-P., Freitag, C., Rivero, O., Palmason, H., Romanos, M., Langley, K., Rietschel, M., Witt, S. H., Dalsgaard, S., Borglum, A. D., Waldman, I., Wilmot, B., Molly, N., Bau, C. H. D., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R., Loo, S. K., McGough, J. J., Grevet, E. H., Medland, S. E., Robinson, E., Weiss, L. A., Bacchelli, E., Bailey, A., Bal, V., Battaglia, A., Betancur, C., Bolton, P., Cantor, R., Celestino-Soper, P., Dawson, G., De Rubeis, S., Duque, F., Green, A., Klauck, S. M., Leboyer, M., Levitt, P., Maestrini, E., Mane, S., De-Luca, D. M.-, Parr, J., Regan, R., Reichenberg, A., Sandin, S., Vorstman, J., Wassink, T., Wijsman, E., Cook, E., Santangelo, S., Delorme, R., Roge, B., Magalhaes, T., Arking, D., Schulze, T. G., Thompson, R. C., Strohmaier, J., Matthews, K., Melle, I., Morris, D., Blackwood, D., McIntosh, A., Bergen, S. E., Schalling, M., Jamain, S., Maaser, A., Fischer, S. B., Reinbold, C. S., Fullerton, J. M., Guzman-Parra, J., Mayoral, F., Schofield, P. R., Cichon, S., Mühleisen, T. W., Degenhardt, F., Schumacher, J., Bauer, M., Mitchell, P. B., Gershon, E. S., Rice, J., Potash, J. B., Zandi, P. P., Craddock, N., Ferrier, I. N., Alda, M., Rouleau, G. A., Turecki, G., Ophoff, R., Pato, C., Anjorin, A., Stahl, E., Leber, M., Czerski, P. M., Cruceanu, C., Jones, I. R., Posthuma, D., Andlauer, T. F. M., Forstner, A. J., Streit, F., Baune, B. T., Air, T., Sinnamon, G., Wray, N. R., Mac; Intyre, D. J., Porteous, D., Homuth, G., Rivera, M., Grove, J., Middeldorp, C. M., Hickie, I., Pergadia, M., Mehta, D., Smit, J. H., Jansen, R., de Geus, E., Dunn, E., Li, Q. S., Nauck, M., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T., Knowles, J. A., Viktorin, A., Arnold, P., Barr, C. L., Bedoya-Berrio, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Brentani, H., Burton, C., Camarena, B., Cappi, C., Cath, D., Cavallini, M., Cusi, D., Darrow, S., Denys, D., Derks, E. M., Dietrich, A., Fernandez, T., Figee, M., Freimer, N., Gerber, G., Grados, M., Greenberg, E., Hanna, G. L., Hartmann, A., Hirschtritt, M. E., Hoekstra, P. J., Huang, A., Huyser, C., Illmann, C., Jenike, M., Kuperman, S., Leventhal, B., Lochner, C., Lyon, G. J., Macciardi, F., Madruga-Garrido, M., Malaty, I. A., Maras, A., McGrath, L., Miguel, E. C., Mir, P., Nestadt, G., Nicolini, H., Okun, M. S., Pakstis, A., Paschou, P., Piacentini, J., Pittenger, C., Plessen, K., Ramensky, V., Ramos, E. M., Reus, V., Richter, M. A., Riddle, M. A., Robertson, M. M., Roessner, V., Rosario, M., Samuels, J. F., Sandor, P., Stein, D. J., Tsetsos, F., Van Nieuwerburgh, F., Weatherall, S., Wendland, J. R., Wolanczyk, T., Worbe, Y., Zai, G., Goes, F. S., McLaughlin, N., Nestadt, P. S., Grabe, H.-J., Depienne, C., Konkashbaev, A., Lanzagorta, N., Valencia-Duarte, A., Bramon, E., Buccola, N., Cahn, W., Cairns, M., Chong, S. A., Cohen, D., Crespo-Facorro, B., Crowley, J., Davidson, M., De; Lisi, L., Dinan, T., Donohoe, G., Drapeau, E., Duan, J., Haan, L., Hougaard, D., Karachanak-Yankova, S., Khrunin, A., Klovins, J., Kucinskas, V., Lee Chee Keong, J., Limborska, S., Loughland, C., Lönnqvist, J., Maher, B., Mattheisen, M., McDonald, C., Murphy, K. C., Nenadic, I., van Os, J., Pantelis, C., Pato, M., Petryshen, T., Quested, D., Roussos, P., Sanders, A. R., Schall, U., Schwab, S. G., Sim, K., So, H.-C., Stögmann, E., Subramaniam, M., Toncheva, D., Waddington, J., Walters, J., Weiser, M., Cheng, W., Cloninger, R., Curtis, D., Gejman, P. V., Henskens, F., Mattingsdal, M., Oh, S.-Y., Scott, R., Webb, B., Breen, G., Churchhouse, C., Bulik, C. M., Daly, M., Dichgans, M., Faraone, S. V., Guerreiro, R., Holmans, P., Kendler, K. S., Koeleman, B., Mathews, C. A., Price, A., Scharf, J., Sklar, P., Williams, J., Wood, N. W., Cotsapas, C., Palotie, A., Smoller, J. W., Sullivan, P., Rosand, J., Corvin, A., Neale, B. M.
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Published 2018
    Staff View
    Publication Date:
    2018-06-22
    Publisher:
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Print ISSN:
    0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN:
    1095-9203
    Topics:
    Biology
    Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Geosciences
    Computer Science
    Medicine
    Natural Sciences in General
    Physics
    Keywords:
    Genetics, Medicine, Diseases, Online Only
    Published by:
    Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press
  5. 5
    Li, M., Santpere, G., Imamura Kawasawa, Y., Evgrafov, O. V., Gulden, F. O., Pochareddy, S., Sunkin, S. M., Li, Z., Shin, Y., Zhu, Y., Sousa, A. M. M., Werling, D. M., Kitchen, R. R., Kang, H. J., Pletikos, M., Choi, J., Muchnik, S., Xu, X., Wang, D., Lorente-Galdos, B., Liu, S., Giusti-Rodriguez, P., Won, H., de Leeuw, C. A., Pardinas, A. F., Brain; Span Consortium, Psych; ENCODE Consortium, Psych; ENCODE Developmental Subgroup, Hu, M., Jin, F., Li, Y., Owen, M. J., ODonovan, M. C., Walters, J. T. R., Posthuma, D., Levitt, P., Weinberger, D. R., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., Geschwind, D. H., Hawrylycz, M. J., State, M. W., Sanders, S. J., Sullivan, P. F., Gerstein, M. B., Lein, E. S., Knowles, J. A., Sestan, N., Willsey, Oldre, Szafer, Camarena, Cherskov, Charney, Abyzov, Kozlenkov, Safi, Jones, Ashley-Koch, Ebbert, Price, Sekijima, Kefi, Bernard, Amiri, Sboner, Clark, Jaffe, Tebbenkamp, Sodt, Guillozet-Bongaarts, Nairn, Carey, Huttner, Chervenak, Szekely, Shieh, Harmanci, Lipska, Carlyle, Gregor, Kassim, Sheppard, Bichsel, Hahn, Lee, Chen, Kuan, Dang, Lau, Cuhaciyan, Armoskus, Mason, Liu, Slaughterbeck, Bennet, Pinto, Polioudakis, Franjic, Miller, Bertagnolli, Lewis, Feng, Sandman, Clarke, Williams, Del; Valle, Fitzgerald, Shen, Flatow, Zharovsky, Burke, Olson, Fulfs, Mattei, Hadjimichael, Deelman, Navarro, Wu, Lee, Cheng, Goes, Vaccarino, Liu, Hoffman, Gürsoy, Gee, Mehta, Coppola, Giase, Sedmak, Johnson, Wray, Crawford, Gu, van Bakel, Witt, Yoon, Pratt, Zhao, Glass, Huey, Arnold, Noonan, Bendl, Jochim, Goldy, Herstein, Wiseman, Miller, Mariani, Stoll, Moore, Szatkiewicz, Leng, Zhang, Parente, Rozowsky, Fullard, Hohmann, Morris, Phillips, Warrell, Shin, An, Belmont, Nyhus, Pendergraft, Bryois, Roll, Grennan, Aiona, White, Aldinger, Smith, Girdhar, Brouner, Mangravite, Brown, Collado-Torres, Cheng, Gourley, Song, Ubieta, Habegger, Ng, Hauberg, Onorati, Webster, Kundakovic, Skarica, Reimers, Johnson, Chen, Garrett, Sarreal, Reding, Gu, Peters, Fisher, Gandal, Purcaro, Smith, Brown, Shibata, Brown, Xu, Yang, Ray, Shapovalova, Francoeur, Sjoquist, Mastan, Kaur, Parikshak, Mosqueda, Ngo, Dee, Ivanov, Devillers, Roussos, Parker, Manser, Wohnoutka, Farnham, Zandi, Emani, Dalley, Mayani, Tao, Gittin, Straub, Lifton, Jacobov, Howard, Park, Dai, Abramowicz, Akbarian, Schreiner, Ma, Parry, Shapouri, Weissman, Caldejon, Mane, Ding, Scuderi, Dracheva, Butler, Lisgo, Rhie, Lindsay, Datta, Souaiaia, Roychowdhury, Gomez, Naluai-Cecchini, Beach, Goodman, Gao, Dolbeare, Fliss, Reddy, Chen, Hyde, Brunetti, Lemon, Desta, Borrman, Haroutunian, Spitsyna, Swarup, Shi, Jiang, Xia, Chen, Jiang, Wang, Chae, Yang, Kim, Riley, Krsnik, Deng, Weng, Lin, Li
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Published 2018
    Staff View
    Publication Date:
    2018-12-14
    Publisher:
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Print ISSN:
    0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN:
    1095-9203
    Topics:
    Biology
    Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Geosciences
    Computer Science
    Medicine
    Natural Sciences in General
    Physics
    Keywords:
    Neuroscience, Online Only
    Published by:
    Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press
  6. 6
    Qian, J. ; Bull, M.S. ; Levitt, P.

    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Staff View
    ISSN:
    0012-1606
    Source:
    Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics:
    Biology
    Type of Medium:
    Electronic Resource
    URL:
    Articles: DFG German National Licenses
  7. 7
    Levitt, P. ; Cooper, M.L. ; Rakic, P.

    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Staff View
    ISSN:
    0012-1606
    Source:
    Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics:
    Biology
    Type of Medium:
    Electronic Resource
    URL:
    Articles: DFG German National Licenses
  8. 8
    Levitt, P. ; Maxwell, G.D. ; Pintar, J.E.

    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Staff View
    ISSN:
    0012-1606
    Source:
    Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics:
    Biology
    Type of Medium:
    Electronic Resource
    URL:
    Articles: DFG German National Licenses
  9. 9
    Staff View
    ISSN:
    1432-1106
    Keywords:
    Key words Cocaine ; Development ; MAP2 ; D1dopamine receptor ; Parvalbumin
    Source:
    Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics:
    Medicine
    Notes:
    Abstract  Previous studies have reported that cocaine exposure in utero results in structural and functional alterations in the development of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In the present study, the effects of maternal cocaine dosage and of cocaine-elicited maternal seizures on the progeny were studied. The incidence of maternal generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCSs) elicited by cocaine was recorded. No GTCSs were elicited in pregnant rabbits by doses of 2 or 3 mg/kg of cocaine, but GTCSs were sometimes elicited by the highest dose (4 mg/kg per injection). We analyzed the offspring of cocaine-exposed and control animals using three assays of ACC development: (i) the structure of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons, (ii) the distribution of a calcium binding protein (parvalbumin) in the dendrites of GABAergic neurons, and (iii) coupling of D1-like receptors and their G proteins. In all progeny of rabbits exposed to 3 or 4 mg/kg of cocaine during pregnancy, there was a significant change in the structure of apical dendrites, a significant increase in the number of dendrites of GABAergic neurons which were parvalbumin immunoreactive, and a significant reduction in D1/G protein coupling. In assays of apical dendrites, the effects on offspring of rabbits given 2 mg/kg cocaine were as pronounced as in offspring of rabbits given 3 or 4 mg/kg, but the effects on parvalbumin immunoreactivity and D1/G protein coupling were reduced at this low dose. Thus, previous findings of ACC developmental abnormalities in offspring of rabbits given a dose of 4 mg/kg were replicated, the effects were shown to be dose-related and to be independent of maternal seizures. A mechanism by which dysfunction of the D1receptor system could mediate cocaine-associated changes in all three parameters of ACC structure and function is discussed.
    Type of Medium:
    Electronic Resource
    URL:
    Articles: DFG German National Licenses
  10. 10
    Battisti, W. P. ; Shinar, Y. ; Schwartz, M. ; Levitt, P. ; Murray, M.
    Springer
    Published 1992
    Staff View
    ISSN:
    1573-7381
    Source:
    Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics:
    Medicine
    Notes:
    Summary Current views suggest that the extracellular environment is critically important for successful axonal regeneration in the CNS. The goldfish optic nerve readily regenerates, indicating the presence of an environment that supports regeneration. An analysis of changes that occur during regeneration, in this model may help identify those molecules that contribute to a favourable environment for axonal regrowth. We examined the distribution and expression of two extracellular matrix molecules, laminin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan, and a carbohydrate epitope shared by a family of adhesion molecules (HNK-1), using immunocytochemical detection in sections from the normal adult goldfish optic nerve and in nerves from one hour to five months following optic nerve crush. We also usedin vitro preparations to determine if neurites in retinal explants could express these same molecules. The linear distributions of laminin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan immunoreactivity in control optic nerves are co-extensive with the glia limitans, suggesting both are expressed by non-neuronal components surrounding the axon fascicles. Between one and three weeks postoperatively when axons elongate and reach their target, laminin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan immunoreactivity increases around the crush site and distally. At six weeks postoperatively the pattern of immunoreactivity has returned to normal. While the temporal pattern of changes in immunoreactivity is similar, the spatial pattern of these two extracellular proteins in the regenerating nerve differs. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan immunoreactivity is organized in discrete columns associated with regenerating axons while laminin immunoreactivity is more diffusely distributed. Examination of retinal explants reveals growing neurites express chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan but not laminin. Our results suggest that laminin is only associated with non-neuronal cells, while chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan is associated with axons as well as non-neuronal cells. HNK-1 immunoreactivity is co-extensive with both the glia limitans and axon fascicles and is more extensively distributed in the intact nerve than either laminin or chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan immunoreactivity. In contrast to laminin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan, HNK-1 immunoreactivity is substantially decreased at the crush site within one week following optic nerve crush. HNK-1 immunoreactivity reappears through the crush site during the next several weeks, although non-immunoreactive regions, co-extensive with areas predominantly containing non-neuronal cells, persist both proximal and distal to the crush, up to six weeks postoperatively. The pattern suggests that HNK-1 epitope expression by these non-neuronal cells is decreased during axonal regeneration. Our results show that each of these molecules is constitutively expressed with a unique distribution in the normal goldfish optic nerve and each exhibits different patterns of change during regeneration. It thus appears that each may contribute to modifications of the environment that supports axonal regeneration. Both neurons and non-neuronal cells contribute to these changes.
    Type of Medium:
    Electronic Resource
    URL:
    Articles: DFG German National Licenses