Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:J. A. Murray)

2011-02-11

Nature Publishing Group (NPG)

0028-0836

1476-4687

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

Adjuvants, Immunologic/*pharmacology ; Administration, Oral ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Celiac Disease/chemically induced/etiology/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Coculture Techniques ; Dendritic Cells/drug effects/enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; Diet ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Gliadin/administration & dosage/immunology ; Glutens/administration & dosage/*immunology ; HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/drug effects ; Inflammation/immunology ; Interleukin-12/biosynthesis/immunology/secretion ; Interleukin-15/genetics/*immunology ; Interleukin-23/immunology/secretion ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Receptors, Interleukin-12/deficiency ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology/drug effects/immunology/metabolism ; Tretinoin/immunology/*pharmacology ; Young Adult

0010-7565

General, Interdisciplinary

0010-7565

General, Interdisciplinary

0010-7565

General, Interdisciplinary

0010-7565

General, Interdisciplinary

2018-03-29

The Company of Biologists

0950-1991

1477-9129

Biology

Plant development

2018-05-15

The Company of Biologists

0950-1991

1477-9129

Biology

Plant development

2018-05-18

American Society of Hematology (ASH)

0006-4971

1528-0020

Biology

Medicine

Lymphoid Neoplasia

1089-7666

AIP Digital Archive

Physics

Four-wire hot-wire probe measurements are used to examine the relationships between the motions bearing spanwise vorticity, ωz, and the mechanisms responsible for turbulent stress transport. The measurements were carried out in thick zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers over the Reynolds number range, 1010〈Rθ〈4850. Because of the scale of the flow, the spatial resolution of the probe was, in general, very good. The capabilities of the probe allowed all of the terms in the balance equation for 〈u2〉, except the pressure strain correlation, to be directly measured. Regarding wall region vorticity dynamics, velocity–vorticity correlation measurements are used to investigate ωz motion contributions to the gradients of the turbulent stresses. In particular, the measured positive correlation between v and ωz for y+〈15 is shown to be consistent with the large ∂〈−uv〉/∂y gradient in this region, and physically, with the outward motion of sublayer streaks. Relationships between the motions bearing ωz and the sweep and ejection bursting events are examined, and the results are discussed in connection with the turbulent diffusion term in the budget for 〈u2〉. The present results indicate that in the near-wall region (but outside the sublayer) approximately two-thirds of the contributions to the turbulent diffusion term come from the correlation between the uv shear product and ωz fluctuations. The overall results are discussed relative to coherent motion interactions and the known properties of the inner region vorticity field.

Electronic Resource

1365-2036

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background:  The rate of metabolic inactivation of proton-pump inhibitors is determined by polymorphisms of CYP2C19. It is not known if CYP2C19 variant alleles affect responses to proton-pump inhibitor therapy in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Aim:  To determine if the CYP2C19 genotype is associated with clinical effectiveness of proton-pump inhibitors during GERD therapy.Methods:  GERD patients undergoing ambulatory gastric and oesophageal pH monitoring were genotyped for CYP2C19 polymorphisms.Results:  Sixty subjects were enrolled. Forty-four subjects had two wild-type alleles, 15 had one variant, and one had two variant CYP2C19 alleles. The presence of a variant allele was significantly associated with a lower odds of gastric acid breakthrough during proton-pump inhibitor therapy [odds ratio 5.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–22.61]. The presence of a variant allele was not associated with a lower odds of significant oesophageal acid exposure (odds ratio 2.50, 95% CI 0.60–10.52), or the occurrence of symptoms (incidence rate ratio 1.06, 95% CI 0.54–2.06).Conclusions:  These results indicate that factors other than gastric acid secretion are important determinants of reflux in GERD patients. This suggests that CYP2C19 genotype testing will not be useful in proton-pump inhibitor therapy of GERD, except perhaps in identifying patients at risk for hypochlorhydria and consequent hypergastrinemia.

Electronic Resource

1365-2036

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

The pathogenesis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is multifactorial, involving transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) as well as other lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure abnormalities. GERD is associated with a decrease in LES pressure, which can be provoked by factors such as foods (fat, chocolate, etc.), alcohol, smoking and medications. These factors have also been shown to increase TLESRs. As a result, reflux of acid, bile, pepsin and pancreatic enzymes occurs, leading to oesophageal mucosal injury, which can potentially progress to oesophageal adenocarcinoma in a minority of patients with Barrett's metaplasia. In addition, duodenogastric contents can also contribute to oesophageal injury. Other factors contributing to the pathophysiology of GERD include hiatal hernia, poor oesophageal clearance, delayed gastric emptying and impaired mucosal defensive factors. Hiatal hernia has a permissive role in the pathogenesis of reflux oesophagitis by promoting LES dysfunction. Delayed gastric emptying, resulting in gastric distension, can significantly increase the rate of TLESRs, contributing to postprandial GER. The mucosal defensive factors have an important role in GERD. When excessive acid causes a breakdown in oesophageal epithelial defenses, epithelial resistance may be reduced. Nocturnal GERD is associated with prolonged acid exposure and proximal extent of acid contact, which elevates the risk for oesophageal damage and GERD-related complications. In sum, GERD is a complex problem caused by many factors that are exacerbated when the patient is in the supine position.

Electronic Resource

1365-2036

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Background : Some patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease continue to experience symptoms despite therapy with proton pump inhibitors. One recently proposed cause is the occurrence of nocturnal acid breakthrough.Aim : To investigate the relationship between acid breakthrough occurrence (nocturnal and daytime) and refractory symptoms among patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease on proton pump inhibitors.Methods : Fifty-two consecutive patients with persistent symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease despite proton pump inhibitor therapy underwent 24-h pH study at the Mayo Clinic between January 1 and November 10, 1999. Relevant data were extracted and analysed.Results : Fifty-two patients, 18 males and 34 females, were eligible for the study. The mean age was 53 ± 2.2 years. Thirty-seven patients (71%) had nocturnal acid breakthrough, and 36 (69%) had daytime acid breakthrough. Sixty per cent of patients experienced both nocturnal and daytime acid breakthrough, whereas 19% had neither. Among those with nocturnal and daytime acid breakthrough, only 36% and 33% of symptoms, respectively, were associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes. The proportion of patients with symptoms and the mean symptom scores were not significantly different between those with and without acid breakthrough.Conclusions : Gastric acid breakthrough occurs nocturnally and during the daytime in patients on proton pump inhibitor therapy. With less than 36% of refractory symptoms associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux, gastric acid breakthrough cannot explain symptom refractoriness to proton pump inhibitor therapy in a significant majority of patients evaluated by 24-h pH study.

Electronic Resource

1365-2036

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Coeliac disease is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with small intestinal injury that results in the malabsorption of different nutrients. The damaging factor is gluten present in wheat, barley and rye. The diagnosis relies on the clinical picture of the patient, serological markers for coeliac disease, characteristic findings of small intestinal biopsy and, eventually, clinical improvement on a gluten-free diet. Our strategies for the diagnosis of coeliac disease have changed dramatically within the last 10 years. The advent of serological markers with high sensitivity and specificity is changing our understanding of the disease and its prevalence. Treatment includes a life-long gluten-free diet to prevent the recurrence of symptoms and other potential consequences. Most coeliac disease remains under-diagnosed; the utilization of more accurate serological tests and a greater awareness of its many presentations will aid its identification.

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] REFERRING to the recent work on cancer by Dr. W. E. Gye, the statement in NATURE of July 18, p. 107, that Dr. Gye was “assisted by Mr. J. E. Barnard and Dr. J. A. Murray”, which has also appeared elsewhere, attributing to me a direct participation in the work of Dr. Gye and Mr. Barnard, ...

Electronic Resource

1432-1351

Cricket ; Courtship ; Acoustic interneuron ; Neuroethology ; Playback

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Biology

Medicine

Abstract 1. The courtship behavior of male field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer) and Teleogryllus oceanicus, is a complex, multimodal behavioral act that involves acoustic signals (a courtship song; Fig. 1A,B). The dominant frequency is 4.5 kHz for T. oceanicus song (Fig. 1A) and 13.5 kHz for G. bimaculatus (Fig. IB). 2. When courting males are deprived of their courtship song by wing amputation, their courtship success declines markedly but is restored when courting is accompanied by tape-recordings of their courtship songs or a synthetic courtship song with only the dominant frequency of the natural song; other naturally occurring frequency components are ineffective for restoring mating success (Figs. 4, 5). 3. It has been suggested that an identified auditory interneuron, AN2, plays a critical role in courtship success. Chronic recordings of AN2 in an intact, tethered female show that AN2's response to the natural courtship song and synthesized songs at 4.5 and 13.5 kHz is similar in T. oceanicus. By contrast, in G. bimaculatus, AN2's response to the natural courtship song and synthesized song at 13.5 kHz, but not at 4.5 kHz, is similar (Figs. 2,3). 4. In behavioral experiments, playback of a 30 kHz synthetic courtship song in G. bimaculatus does not restore courtship success, yet this same stimulus elicits as strong a response from AN2 as does the normal courtship song (Fig. 6). Thus, contrary to earlier work by others, we conclude AN2 is not, by itself, a critical neural link in the courtship behavior of these two species of crickets.

Electronic Resource

1432-1351

Rheotaxis ; Gastropod mollusk ; Orientation ; Tidal flow ; Nerve lesions

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Biology

Medicine

Abstract We determined which sensory and motor nerves mediate orientation to flow in the marine slug Tritonia diomedea, and tested the hypothesis that the slug orients to water flow by comparing the intensities of water flow stimulation on each side of its body. Lesion experiments revealed which nerves carried information necessary for flow orientation. The lateral branches of Cerebral Nerve # 2 were the only cerebral nerves necessary for flow orientation. Cutting all cerebral nerves except the lateral branches of Cerebral Nerve # 2 did not eliminate flow orientation. Thus, the lateral branches of Cerebral Nerve # 2 were both necessary and sufficient (among the cerebral nerves) for flow orientation. Denervation of one side of the head by cutting Cerebral Nerves # 1–4 on one side did not eliminate normal flow orientation. We have revised our model of how Tritonia diomedea orients to flow to allow for this unilateral determination of flow direction. Unilaterally cutting Pedal Nerve # 3, which contains many pedal motor axons, reduced turning toward that side, but did not affect final orientation to flow. The ability to detect flow direction was not compro mised by the inability to initially turn towards flow.

Electronic Resource

1432-1335

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] As to the facts of word-formation in Greek, Mr. Meyrick is, as was indeed to be expected, quite right, and might have put the case even more strongly. The short forms, like , are much rarer than those in which the full stem is found, like . They are, indeed, unless I mistake, found only with ...

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] THE summary of Bowen's recent discussion of the cytology of secretion in NATURE of Jan. 1, p. 30, fails to do justice (as Bowen himself has done in his papers) to the contribution of other workers to this difficult subject. The earlier work of Golgi, D'Agata, Cajal, and Da Fano, and the ...

Electronic Resource

1476-4687

Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

[Auszug] THE investigations of the last thirty years have proved that the cells of the higher vertebrates, under appropriate conditions, are capable of unlimited proliferation, and it is of importance in discussing the problems of experimental carcinogenesis to remember this fact, and to have clear ideas of ...

Electronic Resource