Search Results - (Author, Cooperation:G. Chisholm)

2014-09-13

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

0036-8075

1095-9203

Biology

Chemistry and Pharmacology

Computer Science

Medicine

Natural Sciences in General

Physics

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

Summary. Perineal sensory and motor function was investigated in 28 women with genuine stress incontinence of urine and compared with a matched control group. Electrosensitivity of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris and of the urethral mucosa was significantly diminished in these patients (eight measurements ‘insensitive’). Three different reflex latency measurements (dorsal nerve to external anal sphincter, dorsal nerve to urethral sphincter, urethral mucosa to external anal sphincter) were prolonged in incontinence (14 absent reflexes). Mean motor unit potential duration of the external anal sphincter was also prolonged, reflecting an early neuropathy. Anorectal manometry detected significantly weaker squeeze pressures in stress incontinence although other variables were unaffected.

Electronic Resource

1471-0528

Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Medicine

The measurements of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were related to the sperm concentration and testicular biopsy in 137 subfertile men. The biopsies were classified into four histological groups: normal, focal tubular atrophy, maturation arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. A positive correlation was found between sperm concentration and the histological grade of spermatogenesis. FSH was directly related to the spermatogenesis and the values were significantly raised in maturation arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. This relationship was present, but to a much lesser extent, for LH. Serum testosterone levels remained unchanged and no relationship between testosterone and either sperm concentration or testicular biopsy was observed. These data indicate the value of FSH in the investigation of the subfertile male, but suggest that the routine measurement of testosterone is unnecessary.

Electronic Resource

0022-1341

Geography

1434-0879

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Conclusion This article has outlined the technology involved in monoclonal antibody production. The examples of the application of this technology underline the outstanding importance of the original work done by Kohler and Milstein, who have surely earned themselves a prominent place in the history of science.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Human ; Bladder urothelium ; Electron microscopy ; Hyperthermia

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly subjects treated by hyperthermic perfusions has shown that the tissue responds, sooner or later, in every instance by desquamation. There is no evidence of cell death prior to desquamation although various organelles undergo structural alterations. Mitochondria are especially prone to suffer varying degrees of damage. A short heat shock has revealed differences in the initial response of the thick and thin regions of bladder urothelium known to occur in elderly subjects. After a long, fractionated treatment, regeneration is evident within 3 daysof the end of treatment, and follow-up biopsies have revealed a hyperplastic urothelium within 10 to 12 weeks. The constituent cells show signs of cytodifferentiation at this time but it remains unknown when an ultrastructurally normal urothelium with characteristic cell layers will be restored. The various treatments in this study suggest that the stem cells in the epithelium are unaffected by the levels of hyperthermia employed and that their unimpaired proliferative capacity ensures regeneration of the urothelium.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Anaesthesia ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Flow cytometry

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary Circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were monitored, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, in six patients undergoing surgery for benign disease of the upper urinary tract. A significant decrease in the total number of circulating lymphocytes was observed. This could be attributed to a significant decrease of T cells of both major subsets — the so-called T “helper” (Th) and T “suppressor/cytotoxic” (Ts) subpopulations. When the results of the T cell subsets were expressed as a ratio (leu-3a+/leu2a+, T “helper/suppressor”) no significant change was noted. In contrast neither B cells nor natural killer (NK) and antibody dependent killer (K) cells were significantly affected. This selective loss of T cells from the circulation may be relevant to post operative infection and should be considered in the course of immunological monitoring.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Benign prostatic hyperplasia ; External sphincter ; Prostatic urethra ; Radiofrequency current ; Thermex II ; Thermocouples

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract In a random group of five patients undergoing thermotherapy with Thermex II (Direx Systems), the temperature in the region of the external sphincter was measured using a modified Thermex catheter. In all five patients the measured temperature exceeded 44.5°C for more than half the duration of treatment. Further temperature mapping studies and studies on the assessment of sphincter function after Thermex II thermotherapy are in progress.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Prostate ; Androgen receptors ; Mastomys ; dihydrotestosterone ; Nuclear receptor ; Androgen metabolism

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary The binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) within the nuclear fraction of the prostate of male Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis has been investigated. Using in vivo or in vitro labelling with 3H-DHT, the presence of a receptor protein having a sedimentation coefficient of 3.0 S was demonstrated. The binding was shown to be specific towards DHT and could not be found in control tissue. Analysis of radiometabolites associated with the steroid receptor complex demonstrated that the majority of the bound steroid was DHT. The similarity between this steroid receptor complex and that of rat ventral prostate, together with the potential use of this experimental model are discussed.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Mastomys ; Prostate ; Testosterone ; Uptake ; in vitro incubation ; in vivo studies

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary Following the administration of labelled testosterone into 4–6 month old intact, or 24 h orchiectomized Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis, the uptake of radioactivity by the prostate and other tissues was measured at different intervals. Two hours after the injection of the hormone, the concentration of radioactivity in the prostate was significantly higher than in most of the other organs, but less than that of the liver and kidney. Most of the radioactivity taken up by the liver and kidney disappeared 8–16 h after the administration of the hormone. Orchiectomy enhanced the uptake of the radioactivity by the prostate. Administration of unlabelled testosterone prior to the injection of labelled hormone or the addition of unlabelled testosterone in the incubation media significantly reduced the uptake of radioactivity by the prostate. These changes did not occur in the non target tissues. In an in vitro system prostatic tissue took up significantly more radioactivity than the diaphragm. These findings have been compared with the results of the similar experiments reported on the prostate of the male rat and the female Mastomys.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Androgen receptors ; Rhesus monkey ; Prostate ; Receptor assay

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary The presence of an androgen receptor protein in the supernatant preparation of the prostate from Rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) is described. The molecular weight of this receptor protein was found to be 2.8–2.9×105 daltons. The levels of free and bound androgen receptors were measured in the caudal and cranial lobes of the prostate by an exchange assay using methyltrienolone (R1881). The concentration of the free binding sites in the caudal lobe ranged between 3.7–23.7 fmol/mg protein. The value in the cranial lobe was 2.0–7.7 fmol/mg protein. The total binding sites in the caudal lobe ranged between 36.0–112.7 and in the cranial between 21.2–55.0 fmol/mg. The bound receptor ranged between 43.3–109.0 and 19.1–47.3 fmol/mg protein for caudal and cranial lobes respectively. The level of both bound and free receptors was found to be significantly higher in the caudal lobe. This data suggests that the two lobes of the prostate in the Rhesus monkey can be equated with the two zones of the human prostate in respect of androgen responsiveness.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Androgen receptor ; Prostate ; Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis ; Dihydrotestosterone ; Androgen metabolism

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary A steroid receptor protein was isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of Mastomys prostate. Following in vivo and in vitro labelling of the tissue with tritiated testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, samples were analysed by gel exclusion chromatography or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A steroid receptor complex was isolated on Sephadex G-200. Analysis of the steroids associated with this complex showed that the major part of the bound radioactivity was 5 α-dihydrotestosterone. The binding was inhibited by unlabelled testosterone and could not be demonstrated in the liver cytosol. Using sucrose desity gradient centrifugation, the dihydrotestosterone receptor complex sedimented at 5.6 s together with heavier aggregates. In the presence of 0.4 M KCl a single complex was sedimented at 4. 6 s. The results demonstrate a receptor protein in the cytosol of the Mastomys prostate which binds to dihydrotestosterone and is comparable to that of rat prostate.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Prostate cancer ; DNA ; 5α-reductase ; Flow cytometry ; Histology ; Discriminant analysis

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary Flow cytometry of 20 prostate cancer specimens was carried out and the percentage DNA content in each phase of the cell cycle was correlated to the 5α-reductase activity of the tumour. A group of 20 hyperplastic specimens was also entered into this study as control. Tumours were divided into 3 groups on the basis of their 5α-reductase activity. This classification made it possible to identify a group of tumours of which none formed metastases Idiploid tumours with 5α-reductase activity greater than 20 pmol/mg protein/ 30 min and with less than 10% of the cells undergoing mitosis and a second group of which 78% had metastasised at the time of presentation (diploid tumours with 5α-reductase activity less than 10 pmol/mg protein/30 min and with more than 15% of the cells undergoing mitosis). DNA content within each of the 5α-reductase groups appeared also to correlate with the histological grade of the cancer but no relationship was established with the stage of the disease. Our results suggest that a multi factorial discriminant combining DNA ploidy and 5α-reductase measurements offers a good prognostic index for the assessment of disease progression in prostate cancer and that this might form the basis of a new approach to the treatment of this disease.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Interferon-γ ; Receptors ; Bladder cancer

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary Previously we have shown a differential biological response of three human bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, RT112 and MGH-U1) to gamma interferon (IFN-γ). The present study examines the relationship between the biological response and the expression of the interferon-γ receptor on the tumour cell surface. Using a competitive radioligand binding assay and Scatchard analysis, we measured the number and affinity of the IFN-γ receptors on each of the above cell lines. Individual cells from each line expressed large numbers (29,100–41,800) of high-affinity receptors (k d =2.4–3.9×1010M). There was no statistically significant difference in either of these parameters between the three lines. We therfore conclude that the biological response of these bladder lines to IFN-γ does not relate to the number or affinity of its receptor on the plasma membrane of these tumour cells.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Benign prostatic hyperplasia ; Primary culture ; Epithelial cells ; Fibroblasts ; Androstenedione 5α-dihydrotestosterone

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract We studied the metabolism of testosterone in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells and fibroblasts obtained from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The conversion of 3H-testosterone in both cell cultures was predominantly to the oxidative pathway, with the formation of 3H-androstenedione increasing with cell number and time of incubation. Although we also detected some 5α-reductase activity in these cells, the activity in the stroma component (0.00688 pmol/mg protein/min) was nonetheless insignificant when compared to the 5α-reductase activity in the tissue of origin (0.0616 pmol/mg protein/min) and well below the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of the same cells (0.0518 pmol/mg protein/min). The aromatase activity in our cells was also measured by two separate techniques, but neither the deuterium procedure nor the production of oestrone from androgen precursors yielded any positive results, suggesting that under these experimental conditions there was no aromatase activity within the cells. The shift from the reductive to the oxidative pathways in these primary cell cultures was reminiscent of the androgen-metabolizing enzyme profiles seen in poorly differentiated prostate cancer. Whether this fransition is an obligatory step in the development of hormone refractiveness remains to be elucidated.

Electronic Resource

1434-0879

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1432-0428

Diabetic uropathy ; peripheral neuropathy ; bladder capacity ; sensory and motor conduction

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Summary Established urodynamic and electrophysiological techniques have been applied to assess the frequency and extent of autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in 60 subjects with diabetes mellitus; 38 were diabetics with suggestive symptoms and the others were representative newly diagnosed (11) or treated (11) diabetics. Objective evidence of neuropathic bladder dysfunction was detected in 43 of them (71.7%). The commonest abnormality was a hypotonic, insensitive large capacity bladder, which condition was usually asymptomatic. Less frequently (15%) this was complicated by bladder decompensation and sphincter involvement, resulting in excessive residual urine and infection; some of these had bladder paralysis with chronic painless retention of urine (7%). Electrophysiological studies found a sensory defect in the lower limbs in all tested patients (100%), and in 41 patients (69%) an associated motor conduction abnormality, which was more frequent and marked in the lower than the upper limb. These functional abnormalities appeared to be related to the severity of diabetes, but less to its duration. Indeed of 11 newly diagnosed diabetics tested 7 had a peripheral neuropathy and 4 urodynamic abnormalities. The high incidence of bladder dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy in this series indicates the frequency of subclinical diabetic neuropathy and a factor needing more emphasis in diabetic uropathy.

Electronic Resource

1432-2323

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Electronic Resource

1619-7089

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract 123I labelled oestradiol was administered into patients with either benign hypertrophy or malignancy of the prostate, in order to detect the prostate. Using a gamma camera the results showed considerable radioactivity in the bladder-prostate region. The exact anatomical position of the prostate was determined by emptying the bladder and introducing 123I labelled sodium iodide into the balloon of the catheter already inserted in the bladder. The results demonstrated that the detected radioactivity in this region was in the bladder rather than the prostate. This conclusion was later confirmed by the presence of high level of the radioactivity in the urine and the extremely low concentration of the radioactivity in the prostate after the removal of the gland.

Electronic Resource

1619-7089

Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Medicine

Abstract The potential use of a potent androgen labelled with a gamma emitting radionuclide for scanning the prostate was investigated. 2αbromo 5α-dihydrotestosterone was synthesized and subsequently labelled with 77Br. The distribution of this compound was studied in rat and human tissues. The maximum concentration of radioactivity in the rat prostate at 1–4 h following the injection was found to be between 0.5–0.8% of the injected dose per gram of the tissue. In the human however, that value was 0.002–0.003%. Considering the overall results it was concluded that this compound is not appropriate for scanning the prostate.

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